Effect of compression stockings on venous blood velocity and blood flow

SummaryThe effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on venous blood velocity have not been established. In healthy subjects, most investigations showed no effect on blood velocity, but mixed results have been reported. In this investigation we to test the hypothesis that popliteal blood velocity is increased by properly fitted GCS. Time average peak velocity in the popliteal vein, as well as time average mean velocity, vein diameter and mean volumetric flow were measured by pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound in 25 healthy male volunteers without compression stockings and repeated with fitted thigh-length compression stockings. Measurements were obtained while supine and while sitting at rest and during ankle exercise. Thigh-length GCS did not increase popliteal vein blood velocity, diameter, or volumetric blood flow while supine or sitting, with or without ankle exercise.

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Fetal brain venous return in complicated pregnancy

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd88815 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14

Author(s):

Eduard K. Ailamazyan ◽

Albert A. Polyanin ◽

Igor Y. Kogan

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Return ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Fetal Brain ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

Complicated Pregnancy ◽

S Peak ◽

Ventricular Filling

Objective. To estimate the fetal brain venous return in the complicated pregnancy. Methods. Blood flow waveforms (BFW) in jugular vein (JV) were recorded in 162 fetuses from 13 to 40 weeks of normal gestation and in 63 growth restricted fetuses. Peak velocity in ventricular systole (S), peak velocity in early diastole which corresponds to passive ventricular filling (D), peak velocity in atria contraction with active ventricular filling (A), mean velocity (TAV) were measured and pulsatility index (PIV=S-A/TAV), systolic to diastolic ratio (S/D) were calculated. Results. S, D, A, TAV in growth restricted fetuses were significantly greater and PIV, S/D were significantly lower than in normal fetuses after 36 weeks of gestation. Conclusions. The results demonstrate that there are neuroprotective reactions of fetal cerebral venous blood flow after 36 weeks of gestation.

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Effects of graduated compression stockings, local vibration and their combination on popliteal venous blood velocity

Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease ◽

10.1177/0268355520902000 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 505-512

Author(s):

Loïc Espeit ◽

Thomas Lapole

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Prone Position ◽

Doppler Ultrasound ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Velocity ◽

Compression Stockings ◽

Local Vibration ◽

Graduated Compression Stockings

Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to examine and compare the effects of graduated compression stockings, local vibration, and combined graduated compression stockings and local vibration on popliteal venous blood velocity. Method Twenty-four healthy subjects received four 15 min interventions (control, graduated compression stockings alone, local vibration alone, and combined graduated compression stockings and local vibration), while resting inactive in the prone position. Popliteal vein blood velocity was investigated before (PRE) and at the end (POST) of each intervention using Doppler ultrasound. Results At POST, peak velocity was reported to be 26.3 ± 53.5% ( p < 0.05) greater for local vibration than control (CONT). Peak velocity was 46.2 ± 54.6% ( p < 0.001) and 21.1 ± 37.6% ( p < 0.01) higher for graduated compression stockings than CONT and local vibration, respectively. Graduated compression stockings + local vibration presented 64.1 ± 58.0% ( p < 0.001), 38.4 ± 52.4% ( p < 0.001) and 15.0 ± 31.6% ( p < 0.05) greater values than CONT, local vibration and graduated compression stockings, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated an increase in popliteal venous blood velocity after graduated compression stockings and local vibration application. Their combination provided the greatest effects.

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Ankle exercise and venous blood velocity

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th08-09-0615 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 101 (06) ◽

pp. 1100-1103 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Abdo Yaekoub ◽

Syed Ahsan ◽

Fadi Matta ◽

Monisha Lala ◽

Bakhtiar Mirza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Venous Thrombosis ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Velocity ◽

Popliteal Vein ◽

Venous Stasis ◽

Pulsed Doppler ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound

SummaryAnkle exercise increases venous blood velocity while supine, but the effect of ankle exercise on venous blood velocity while sitting is not known. In this investigation, we test the hypothesis that venous blood velocity can be increased while sitting by repetitive dorsiflexion of the foot. Time-averaged peak velocity (TAPV) in the popliteal vein of 20 healthy male volunteers was measured by pulsed Doppler ultrasound at rest and during ankle exercise in the supine and sitting positions. Right popliteal vein TAPV while supine at rest was 11 cm/second (sec) (95% confidence interval [CI] =9–13 cm/sec) and with ankle exercise it increased to 24 cm/sec (95% CI =20–28 cm/sec) (p<0.0001). With sitting at rest, right popliteal vein blood TAPV decreased from 11 cm/sec to 3 cm/sec (95% CI = 2–4 cm/sec) (p<0.0001). With ankle exercise while sitting, right popliteal vein TAPV increased to 18 cm/sec (95% CI =15–21 cm/sec) (p<0.0001). In conclusion, in both the supine and sitting positions, ankle exercise increased venous blood velocity, thereby transiently reducing a tendency toward venous stasis. Such ankle exercise might be useful in the prevention of stasis-induced deep venous thrombosis.

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Do Graduated Compression Stockings and Pneumatic Boots Have an Additive Effect on the Peak Velocity of Venous Blood Flow?

Archives of Surgery ◽

10.1001/archsurg.1992.01420060107016 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 127 (6) ◽

pp. 727 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Stephen L. Keith

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Additive Effect ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Compression Stockings ◽

Graduated Compression Stockings

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Changes in lower extremity blood flow during advancing phases of pregnancy and the effects of special footwear

Jornal Vascular Brasileiro ◽

10.1590/1677-5449.002617 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 214-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marta Gimunová ◽

Martin Zvonař ◽

Kateřina Kolářová ◽

Zdeněk Janík ◽

Ondřej Mikeska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Popliteal Vein ◽

Control Group ◽

Venous Disease ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background During pregnancy, a number of changes affecting venous blood flow occur in the circulatory system, such as reduced vein wall tension or increased exposure to collagen fibers. These factors may cause blood stagnation, swelling of the legs, or endothelial damage and consequently lead to development of venous disease. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of special footwear designed to improve blood circulation in the feet on venous blood flow changes observed during advancing phases of pregnancy. Methods Thirty healthy pregnant women participated in this study at 25, 30, and 35 weeks of gestation. Participants were allocated at random to an experimental group (n = 15) which was provided with the special footwear, or a control group (n = 15). At each data collection session, Doppler measurements of peak systolic blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area of the right popliteal vein were performed using a MySonoU6 ultrasound machine with a linear transducer (Samsung Medison). The differences were compared using Cohen’s d test to calculate effect size. Results With advancing phases of pregnancy, peak systolic velocity in the popliteal vein decreased significantly in the control group, whereas it increased significantly in the experimental group. No significant change in cross-sectional area was observed in any of the groups. Conclusions Findings in the experimental group demonstrated that wearing the footwear tested may prevent venous blood velocity from reducing during advanced phases of pregnancy. Nevertheless, there is a need for further investigation of the beneficial effect on venous flow of the footwear tested and its application.

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The postural system as a functional venous pump

Manual Therapy Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal ◽

10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2018.16.630 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Vladimir Usachev ◽

Pierre-Marie Gagey

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Blood ◽

The Body ◽

Popliteal Vein ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Venous Circulation ◽

Postural System

Background: In the 90s, Inamura et al. have drawn our attention to the role played by the postural system in the return venous circulation, thanks to plethysmographic recordings which gave free rein to the imagination of the authors to suppose the functioning mechanisms of this venous pump. In 2010, two anatomists, Uhl & Gillot, transformed our representation of the venous network and made assumptions about the functioning of the venous pump. Objective/ Methods: The aim of this work is to verify these hypotheses by scanning the venous blood flow at the level of the sinus soleus and the popliteal vein during various posture-kinetic situations. Conclusion: These studies fully confirm the hypotheses. It is therefore likely that the postural system intervenes not only in the phenomena of stabilisation of the body, but also in the back venous circulation.

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Venous haemodynamic effects of anti-thromboembolism stockings

Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease ◽

10.1258/026835506777304746 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 74-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J Tan ◽

S Lockhart ◽

A Smith ◽

K Burnand

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Femoral Vein ◽

Haemodynamic Effects ◽

Popliteal Vein ◽

Pressure Measurements ◽

Compression Stockings ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

Pressure Profiles ◽

Haemodynamic Changes ◽

The Mean

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the haemodynamic changes in the deep veins of 13 volunteers, following application of 13 made-to-measure graduated compression stockings all designed to exert different compression gradients along the limb. Methods: The compression gradients were designed to apply pressures from 12–22 mmHg at the ankle to 9–20 mmHg at the calf and 5–10 mmHg at the thigh. These had been laboratory tested by the Hosiery Pressure Tester Mark II (HATRA). A medical stocking tester (MST) was subsequently used to measure the actual pressure measurements on the volunteers. A duplex scanner was used to measure the venous velocity in the deep veins at predetermined sites. Results: The application of all the stockings increased the mean velocity in the popliteal vein by 38.7% (confidence interval [CI] 8–64%, P<0.01) but produced only a slight statistically insignificant increase in velocity in the femoral vein. No particular stocking profile gave significantly better results. A good correlation was found between the MST and HATRA tester measurements of the stocking pressures at the ankle and calf, but the MST method usually recorded higher pressures for the thigh measurements. Conclusions: All profiles of graduated stockings appear to increase the velocity of blood in the deep veins above the knee, but only four pressure profiles (average 16.5, 14 and 6 mmHg) produced significant increases in velocity. There was no evidence to suggest that any one specific compression profile was superior to others at increasing the venous velocity in the popliteal vein.

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Reference ranges for the intra-amniotic umbilical cord vein diameter, peak velocity and blood flow in a regional NSW population

Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine ◽

10.1002/ajum.12060 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 155-162

Author(s):

Jacqueline Spurway ◽

Patricia Logan ◽

Sok Cheon Pak ◽

Sharon Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Vein Diameter ◽

Umbilical Cord Vein

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Efficacy of Micromobile Foot Compression Device in Increasing Lower Limb Venous Blood Flow

International Journal of Vascular Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/948769 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Charles ◽

Stephen Mackintosh ◽

James Fingleton ◽

Irene Braithwaite ◽

Mark Weatherall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Popliteal Vein ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Long Distance ◽

Compression Device

Background. A novel, micromobile foot compression device (MMC) has been developed to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism associated with prolonged seated immobility.Objective. To compare the efficacy of the MMC with graduated compression stockings in augmenting lower limb venous blood flow.Patients/Methods. Twenty participants were randomised to wear the MMC or a graduated compression stocking (GCS) on either the left or right leg while seated. Doppler ultrasound measurements of popliteal vein blood flow and leg circumference measurements were made-30and-10minutes (baseline) and +30 and +60 minutes following application of the interventions. The primary outcome variable was peak systolic velocity. A mixed linear model was used, with covariates including baseline measurement, randomised side, time, and a time by interaction term.Results. The mean popliteal vein peak systolic velocity at 60 minutes with the MMC was 20.1 cm/s which was significantly higher than with the GCS (difference 14.1 cm/s 95% CI 12.1–16.2), representing a 3.8-fold increase from baseline.Conclusion. The MMC resulted in a marked increase in lower limb venous blood flow which suggests that it may have efficacy in reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism associated with prolonged seated immobility, such as long distance air travel.

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