scholarly journals Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. e20216184
Author(s):  
Jairo José Zocche ◽  
Fernando Carvalho ◽  
Ariovaldo Pereira Cruz-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

scholarly journals Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Morais ◽  
Luiz Carlos Araújo ◽  
Gleidson Ramos Silva ◽  
Charles Duca
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Breeding Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Seasons

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical MockingbirdMimusgilvus(Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, andProtiumicicariba(DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.

Breeding Biology of the Savannah Sparrow on Kent Island

The Auk ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara L. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Passerculus Sandwichensis ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Savannah Sparrow ◽  
The Mean

Abstract I studied the breeding biology of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada from 1964 through 1968. I estimated the breeding population to be 125-135 pairs $(412-445\ \text{individuals}/{\rm km}^{2})$. The mean number of nests produced per female, including those destroyed by predators, was 2.97. Clutch size ranged from 2 to 5. The mean clutch size based on 1,142 eggs in 284 nests of known clutch size was 4.02. Not only was the four-egg clutch most numerous but a greater percentage of eggs in the four-egg clutches hatched and the mean number of young fledged per nest was also highest. The mean incubation period was 12.2 days, the mean duration of nestling life was 9 days, and the approximate length of the breeding season as 52 days. The daily mortality rate of eggs was 11.9% and of nestlings 2.1%. Predation was the major factor affecting reproductive success; 50.5% of all nests located were destroyed by predators. The main nest predators were Common Crows and Herring Gulls. Of the nests destroyed by predators, 87.8% contained eggs rather than nestlings. The intense predation necessitated high nest replacement. The mean interval between the termination of one nest and the appearance of the first egg in the succeeding nest was 6.3 days. If successive nests are destroyed on the day incubation begins, it is hypothetically possible for a pair to produce four nests during a single breeding season; many birds in the population produce at least three. Although enough time was available for birds to fledge two broods in a season, few of them fledged more than one. Thus, the nesting success was low (success from egg to hatching 18.1%). High nest replacement compensated for high egg mortality, and an average of 2.16 young per pair were fledged per season.

scholarly journals A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Life History of Arenicola Marina L.

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Moon

The breeding season of the lugworms of the Whitstable area is a sharply defined one, extending for 14 days between the new moon and full moon spring tides in the second half of October. Spawning begins slowly and reaches a maximum at the intervening neap tides and then declines in intensity.Both eggs and sperms are discharged from the burrows at extreme low water to lie on the surface of the sand. Here fertilization occurs.No germ cells were detected in the body cavity from November to June, but from August onwards to the end of October 98% of the adult worms are ripe.At the end of the spawning period about 40% of the adults die.A brief description of gametogenesis and of the mature gametes is given.Germ cells are discharged through the nephridia.

The Establishment and Spread of Spilopsyllus Cuniculi (Dale) and Its Location on the Host, Oryctolagus Cuniculus (L.), In the Mallee Region of Victoria.

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCH Shepherd ◽  
JW Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Myxoma Virus ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Rabbit ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Breeding Seasons

European rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) (Dale)) were released into a population of wild rabbits at 7 sites on Pine Plains in the Mallee district of Victoria, Australia, and their establishment and distribution observed monthly for 4 years. After 12 months, including one breeding season, the fleas were found on some rabbits up to 0.8 km from some release sites. By the end of the second breeding season, the distance of spread had doubled, and 4 years after the initial release, including 5 breeding seasons, about 95% of rabbits caught carried S. cuniculi. The furthest spread was about 13 km. When the initial release was made during the summer months, the non-breeding season, spread was slow; in one area, it took 2 years for S. cuniculi to become firmly established. When examples of S. cuniculi infected with myxoma virus were released, no establishment of the disease was observed. The numbers of S. cuniculi per rabbit were low during the first breeding season, but they were high, up to 500/rabbit, after 4 years. In most cases, the fleas were seen on the ears, pinnae and head of the rabbit and occasionally in the body fur. The highest numbers were usually found on pregnant lactating does about to litter, but some bucks also carried a large number.

The Reproductive Rates of Australian Passerines

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Yom-Tov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
North African ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Altricial Birds ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Australian Passerines ◽  
Early Claim

The relationships between body weight, clutch size, length of breeding season, breeding frequency, incubation and nestling periods were studied in the Australian passerines. The means of the above factors as well as allometric equations were calculated for all Australian passerines and separately for the four major families (Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Muscicapidae and Ploceidae) and six zones of distribution (all Australia; Bassian; Torresian; Torresian and Bassian; Irian; Eyrean). The mean clutch size of Australian passerines is significantly smaller than that of North African passerines. This is because the old invaders to Australia (e.g. the Meliphagidae, Maluridae and Muscicapidae) have significantly smaller clutches than the new invaders (e.g. Ploceidae and Corvidae). A significant difference in clutch size was found between the Irian and Eyrean zones, supporting an early claim by Kikkawa. Negative correlations were found between body weight and clutch size, length of breeding season and breeding frequency. These indicate that small passerines in Australia tend to have larger clutches and longer breeding seasons and to breed more frequently than larger species. Body weight is positively correlated with both incubation and nestling period, as found for other altricial birds. There are no significant differences in incubation length between the zones, but there are differences among the families. The ecological implications and the possible reasons for the above correlations and differences between the groups are discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding season length predicts duet coordination and consistency in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202482
Author(s):  
Emily L. Keenan ◽  
Karan J. Odom ◽  
Marcelo Araya-Salas ◽  
Kyle G. Horton ◽  
Matthew Strimas-Mackey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Breeding Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many animals produce coordinated signals, but few are more striking than the elaborate male–female vocal duets produced by some tropical songbirds. Yet, little is known about the factors driving the extreme levels of vocal coordination between mated pairs in these taxa. We examined evolutionary patterns of duet coordination and their potential evolutionary drivers in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae), a songbird family well known for highly coordinated duets. Across 23 wren species, we show that the degree of coordination and precision with which pairs combine their songs into duets varies by species. This includes some species that alternate their song phrases with exceptional coordination to produce rapidly alternating duets that are highly consistent across renditions. These highly coordinated, consistent duets evolved independently in multiple wren species. Duet coordination and consistency are greatest in species with especially long breeding seasons, but neither duet coordination nor consistency are correlated with clutch size, conspecific abundance or vegetation density. These results suggest that tightly coordinated duets play an important role in mediating breeding behaviour, possibly by signalling commitment or coalition of the pair to mates and other conspecifics.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of Tyrannus melancholicus (Aves: Tyrannidae) in a restinga reserve of southeastern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermes Daros ◽  
William Barbosa Dutra ◽  
Charles Duca
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Nest Sites

Existing knowledge of the breeding success and life history characteristics of most Neotropical bird species is scarce. Here, we help fill this gap by analyzing aspects of the breeding biology of the Tropical Kingbird Tyrannusmelancholicus (Vieillot, 1819), which is a good model for this kind of study as it is a common species occurring in various environments, including urban areas, but little is known about its life history. We provide results concerning the breeding period, clutch size, incubation and nestling periods, description of nests, eggs and nestlings, and the plants used for nest sites by this species. Fifty-four nests were monitored over two seasons (2012–2014) in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. Nesting began at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The frequency of active nests varied according to variations in rainfall for each breeding season analyzed. The means and standard deviations of the incubation period (14.2 ± 1.9 days), nestling period (15.1 ± 0.8 days) and clutch size (2.5 ± 0.7 eggs) were similar to values reported for other Neotropical passerines. Twenty-one plant species used as nest trees and for the construction of the nests were identified. The results show that T.melancholicus is not highly selective when choosing plant species used for nest construction.

Breeding biology of a migratory Australian passerine, the golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter F. D. van Dongen ◽  
Larissa L. Yocom
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Migratory Population ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Australian Passerines

The breeding biology of Australian passerines is characterised by long breeding seasons and the potential to produce multiple broods within a single season. However, many species undergo a yearly migration from their breeding sites to climatically milder wintering grounds. This migratory behaviour may impose constraints on the breeding biology of these species. We studied a migratory population of golden whistlers (Pachycephala pectoralis) at Toolangi State Forest, Victoria. Individuals typically arrived in early September, attempted to produce a single successful brood over a 3-month period and departed again in late April. Both site- and pair-fidelity were high, with an average of 66% of males returning to the same site, re-pairing with the same female in up to 100% of cases. Nest predation was common, with 45% of nesting attempts failing due to predation. Each pair initiated an average of 1.7 nests per season, resulting in an average of 1.2 fledglings per pair each season. The short breeding season and single-broodedness of the golden whistlers at Toolangi is atypical amongst Australian passerines and suggests that constraints may be imposed on species undergoing annual migration. In this regard, golden whistlers show more similarities to Northern Hemisphere migratory passerines than to the sedentary passerines of the Southern Hemisphere.

ECOLOGY AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF CHESTNUT-TAILED STARLING, STURNUS MALABARICUS (GMELIN 1789)

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Jaman ◽  
N. Sahreen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
The Mean

Studies on the ecology and breeding biology of Chestnut-tailed Starling, Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin) were carried out from June 1997 to July 1998 in Dhaka and Nilphamari districts. This bird mainly found in parties and small flocks on the upper canopy and leaf of the trees to feed on insects. Breeding season of this bird started from the early February and ended to last July. A total of 30 nests were studied those were found in 5 species of trees and in the ventilation of buildings in five study areas. The peak nesting period was in March. Both sexes took part in nest building, egg incubation, brooding and feeding of nestlings. The mean clutch size was 3 ± 0.63 eggs. Out of 30 eggs belonged to 10 nests, 20 (66.67%) were hatched and the rest 10 (33.33%) were lost and infertile. The mean incubation period was 17 ± 1.3 days. Brood size varied from 1-3 nestlings. Out of 20 nestlings hatched, 10 (50%) were fledged successfully. The breeding success was 33.33% in relation to the number of eggs laid and 50% in relation to the nestlings hatched. The fledging period varied from 19 to 21 days. Key words: Ecology, breeding biology, Chestnut-tailed Starling, Sturnus malabaricus. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

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