The Reproductive Rates of Australian Passerines

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Yom-Tov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
North African ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Altricial Birds ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Australian Passerines ◽  
Early Claim

The relationships between body weight, clutch size, length of breeding season, breeding frequency, incubation and nestling periods were studied in the Australian passerines. The means of the above factors as well as allometric equations were calculated for all Australian passerines and separately for the four major families (Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Muscicapidae and Ploceidae) and six zones of distribution (all Australia; Bassian; Torresian; Torresian and Bassian; Irian; Eyrean). The mean clutch size of Australian passerines is significantly smaller than that of North African passerines. This is because the old invaders to Australia (e.g. the Meliphagidae, Maluridae and Muscicapidae) have significantly smaller clutches than the new invaders (e.g. Ploceidae and Corvidae). A significant difference in clutch size was found between the Irian and Eyrean zones, supporting an early claim by Kikkawa. Negative correlations were found between body weight and clutch size, length of breeding season and breeding frequency. These indicate that small passerines in Australia tend to have larger clutches and longer breeding seasons and to breed more frequently than larger species. Body weight is positively correlated with both incubation and nestling period, as found for other altricial birds. There are no significant differences in incubation length between the zones, but there are differences among the families. The ecological implications and the possible reasons for the above correlations and differences between the groups are discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. e20216184
Author(s):  
Jairo José Zocche ◽  
Fernando Carvalho ◽  
Ariovaldo Pereira Cruz-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). III. Breeding success of rehabilitated oiled birds

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giese ◽  
S. D. Goldsworthy ◽  
R. Gales ◽  
N. Brothers ◽  
J. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breeding Seasons

The long-term effects of oiling on the breeding success of rehabilitated oiled little penguins (Eudyptula minor) were examined over two consecutive breeding seasons following the Iron Baron oil spill in 1995. The commencement of egg laying was delayed among rehabilitated oiled penguins compared with non-oiled birds during the 1995/96 breeding season. During that season, hatching success (number of eggs hatched from those laid) was no different in nests containing rehabilitated oiled penguins than in those containing non-oiled birds, but overall egg success (number of pre-fledging chicks from the number of eggs laid) was significantly lower among rehabilitated oiled birds. This effect was predominant in nests containing a rehabilitated oiled female, where the probability of successfully fledging any chicks was 22% lower than in nests containing a non-oiled female. During the 1996/97 breeding season, there was no significant difference between either the hatching or egg success of rehabilitated oiled penguins and non-oiled birds. In both seasons, the pre-fledging masses of chicks from rehabilitated oiled penguins were significantly lower than those from non-oiled birds. The chicks of rehabilitated oiled penguins were therefore expected to have lower survival than chicks raised by non-oiled parents. Results indicate that oiling not only reduced the number of chicks raised by rehabilitated oiled penguins in the short term, but also decreased the quality of young produced for at least two seasons following the spill.

scholarly journals Breeding season length predicts duet coordination and consistency in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202482
Author(s):  
Emily L. Keenan ◽  
Karan J. Odom ◽  
Marcelo Araya-Salas ◽  
Kyle G. Horton ◽  
Matthew Strimas-Mackey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Breeding Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many animals produce coordinated signals, but few are more striking than the elaborate male–female vocal duets produced by some tropical songbirds. Yet, little is known about the factors driving the extreme levels of vocal coordination between mated pairs in these taxa. We examined evolutionary patterns of duet coordination and their potential evolutionary drivers in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae), a songbird family well known for highly coordinated duets. Across 23 wren species, we show that the degree of coordination and precision with which pairs combine their songs into duets varies by species. This includes some species that alternate their song phrases with exceptional coordination to produce rapidly alternating duets that are highly consistent across renditions. These highly coordinated, consistent duets evolved independently in multiple wren species. Duet coordination and consistency are greatest in species with especially long breeding seasons, but neither duet coordination nor consistency are correlated with clutch size, conspecific abundance or vegetation density. These results suggest that tightly coordinated duets play an important role in mediating breeding behaviour, possibly by signalling commitment or coalition of the pair to mates and other conspecifics.

scholarly journals Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Morais ◽  
Luiz Carlos Araújo ◽  
Gleidson Ramos Silva ◽  
Charles Duca
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Breeding Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Seasons

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical MockingbirdMimusgilvus(Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, andProtiumicicariba(DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.

The effect of season on the ovulation rates of Merino and crossbreed ewes in Western Australia

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE Fels ◽  
HG Neil ◽  
IG Ralph ◽  
RJ Suiter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Teaser Rams

Five experiments involving Merino and Border Leicester X Merino crossbred ewes were carried out to investigate the effect of season on ovulation and ovulation rate in the Western Australian agricultural areas. In one experiment, involving Murray Merinos only, effects of body weight and of introduction of teaser rams were also investigated. In 1966 the breeding season began in January for Murray Merinos, but in 1966-67 some ewes had already ovulated in December. Introduction of teaser rams in early December made teased ewes ovulate sooner than unteased ewes. The number of ovulations per ewe ovulating increased during the breeding season, reaching peaks of 1.8 eggs per ewe ovulating in April and early May 1966, and 1.6 eggs per ewe ovulating in February 1967. Supplementary feeding hastened the onset of the breeding season and tended to increase ovulation rate. Peppin Merinos showed a low incidence of ovulation, which was ascribed to their very poor body condition. The Border Leicester X Merino crossbred ewes began their breeding season in March in one experiment, but more than half the ewes had already ovulated in December in the other experiment, perhaps because they were much heavier. Both group's showed marked increases in ovulation rate as their breeding seasons progressed.

Breeding biology of a migratory Australian passerine, the golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter F. D. van Dongen ◽  
Larissa L. Yocom
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Migratory Population ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Australian Passerines

The breeding biology of Australian passerines is characterised by long breeding seasons and the potential to produce multiple broods within a single season. However, many species undergo a yearly migration from their breeding sites to climatically milder wintering grounds. This migratory behaviour may impose constraints on the breeding biology of these species. We studied a migratory population of golden whistlers (Pachycephala pectoralis) at Toolangi State Forest, Victoria. Individuals typically arrived in early September, attempted to produce a single successful brood over a 3-month period and departed again in late April. Both site- and pair-fidelity were high, with an average of 66% of males returning to the same site, re-pairing with the same female in up to 100% of cases. Nest predation was common, with 45% of nesting attempts failing due to predation. Each pair initiated an average of 1.7 nests per season, resulting in an average of 1.2 fledglings per pair each season. The short breeding season and single-broodedness of the golden whistlers at Toolangi is atypical amongst Australian passerines and suggests that constraints may be imposed on species undergoing annual migration. In this regard, golden whistlers show more similarities to Northern Hemisphere migratory passerines than to the sedentary passerines of the Southern Hemisphere.

Reproduction and Social Organization of the Black-Capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) in Southeastern Peru

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Kiltie ◽  
John W. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Oxbow Lake ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Group Breeding ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Abstract A color-banded population of Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) on a Peruvian oxbow lake was studied during one breeding season and censused for 3 yr thereafter. Eighteen territories along a marshy shoreline were occupied by groups of 2-4 donacobius. Each group contained a mated pair and 0-2 helpers, apparently offspring produced during 1-2 preceding breeding seasons. Helpers participated in nest surveillance, territorial displays, and feeding nestlings. Displays occurred at territory boundaries and consisted of loud duetting by the pair or group. Breeding coincided with the rainy months, October through April, and peaked in November-January. Clutch size was always two. Egg and nestling periods each lasted 17-18 days. No correlation was demonstrable between group size and overall fledging success. Trios, however, accounted for all cases in which both young successfully fledged, whereas pairs never fledged more than one young. Annual survivorship of breeding adults averaged 71%. Cooperative breeding in donacobius is associated with limited opportunities for acquiring breeding territories, as in many other cooperative breeders. The relatively short period during which young serve as helpers (and the resulting small family sizes), however, suggests that at other times or places breeding territories are more readily available to young.

scholarly journals Lean body weight versus total body weight to calculate the iodinated contrast media volume in abdominal CT: a randomised controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreno Zanardo ◽  
Fabio Martino Doniselli ◽  
Anastassia Esseridou ◽  
Massimiliano Agrò ◽  
Nicol Antonina Rita Panarisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Abdominal Ct ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objectives Iodinated contrast media (ICM) could be more appropriately dosed on patient lean body weight (LBW) than on total body weight (TBW). Methods After Ethics Committee approval, trial registration NCT03384979, patients aged ≥ 18 years scheduled for multiphasic abdominal CT were randomised for ICM dose to LBW group (0.63 gI/kg of LBW) or TBW group (0.44 gI/kg of TBW). Abdominal 64-row CT was performed using 120 kVp, 100–200 mAs, rotation time 0.5 s, pitch 1, Iopamidol (370 mgI/mL), and flow rate 3 mL/s. Levene, Mann–Whitney U, and χ2 tests were used. The primary endpoint was liver contrast enhancement (LCE). Results Of 335 enrolled patients, 17 were screening failures; 44 dropped out after randomisation; 274 patients were analysed (133 LBW group, 141 TBW group). The median age of LBW group (66 years) was slightly lower than that of TBW group (70 years). Although the median ICM-injected volume was comparable between groups, its variability was larger in the former (interquartile range 27 mL versus 21 mL, p = 0.01). The same was for unenhanced liver density (IQR 10 versus 7 HU) (p = 0.02). Median LCE was 40 (35–46) HU in the LBW group and 40 (35–44) HU in the TBW group, without significant difference for median (p = 0.41) and variability (p = 0.23). Suboptimal LCE (< 40 HU) was found in 64/133 (48%) patients in the LBW group and 69/141 (49%) in the TBW group, but no examination needed repeating. Conclusions The calculation of the ICM volume to be administered for abdominal CT based on the LBW does not imply a more consistent LCE.

scholarly journals Evidence for use of both capital and income breeding strategies in the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisonii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Carver ◽  
Morgan Meidell ◽  
Zachary J. Cannizzo ◽  
Blaine D. Griffen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Income Breeding ◽  
Aratus Pisonii ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Capital And Income Breeding

AbstractTwo common strategies organisms use to finance reproduction are capital breeding (using energy stored prior to reproduction) and income breeding (using energy gathered during the reproductive period). Understanding which of these two strategies a species uses can help in predicting its population dynamics and how it will respond to environmental change. Brachyuran crabs have historically been considered capital breeders as a group, but recent evidence has challenged this assumption. Here, we focus on the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisonii, and examine its breeding strategy on the Atlantic Florida coast. We collected crabs during and after their breeding season (March–October) and dissected them to discern how energy was stored and utilized for reproduction. We found patterns of reproduction and energy storage that are consistent with both the use of stored energy (capital) and energy acquired (income) during the breeding season. We also found that energy acquisition and storage patterns that supported reproduction were influenced by unequal tidal patterns associated with the syzygy tide inequality cycle. Contrary to previous assumptions for crabs, we suggest that species of crab that produce multiple clutches of eggs during long breeding seasons (many tropical and subtropical species) may commonly use income breeding strategies.

Impact of Weight-Band Dosing of Tinzaparin for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis on Persistent Wound Drainage in Adult Patients Undergoing Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802110242
Author(s):  
Cassandra Cooper ◽  
Ouida Antle ◽  
Jennifer Lowerison ◽  
Deonne Dersch-Mills ◽  
Ashley Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Total Joint Arthroplasty ◽  
Joint Arthroplasty ◽  
Thromboembolism Prophylaxis ◽  
Wound Drainage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Persistent wound drainage and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are potential complications of total joint arthroplasty, and these risks can be challenging to balance in clinical practice. Anecdotal observation has suggested that following joint arthroplasty, persistent wound drainage occurs more frequently with higher body weight and higher doses of tinzaparin when compared with lower body weight and lower doses of tinzaparin. Objective: The overall purpose of this study was to describe the impact of a tinzaparin weight-band dosing table for VTE prophylaxis on wound healing, thrombosis, and bleeding outcomes in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Methods: This retrospective chart review included patients who underwent total hip or knee arthroplasty and received tinzaparin for thromboprophylaxis per their weight-banding category. The primary outcome was the incidence of persistent wound drainage. Secondary outcomes include the occurrence of VTE and clinically important bleeding during hospital admission. Results: A total of 231 patients were included in the analysis. There was no significant difference in persistent wound drainage between the 3 weight categories, and there were no differences in rates of VTE or clinically important bleeding. Concurrent use of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of persistent wound drainage (risk ratio = 3.35; 95% CI = 2.14-5.24; P = 0.00003). Conclusion and Relevance: In joint arthroplasty patients, we observed no significant difference in rates of persistent wound drainage between various weight categories receiving different weight-banded doses of tinzaparin. Our results do not suggest that the current weight-band dosing table for tinzaparin needs to be adjusted to optimize patient outcomes.

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