scholarly journals The utilization by rabbit aorta of carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as substrates for energy production.

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
K V Chace ◽  
R Odessey
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Rabbit Aorta

scholarly journals Treatment with Nitrate, but Not Nitrite, Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Exercise and Decreases Glycolytic Intermediates While Increasing Fatty Acid Metabolites in Exercised Zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 2120-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R Axton ◽  
Laura M Beaver ◽  
Lindsey St. Mary ◽  
Lisa Truong ◽  
Christiana R Logan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

ABSTRACT Background Dietary nitrate improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise, although the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would lower the oxygen cost of exercise by improving mitochondrial function and stimulating changes in the availability of metabolic fuels for energy production. Methods We treated 9-mo-old zebrafish with nitrate (sodium nitrate, 606.9 mg/L), nitrite (sodium nitrite, 19.5 mg/L), or control (no treatment) water for 21 d. We measured oxygen consumption during a 2-h, strenuous exercise test; assessed the respiration of skeletal muscle mitochondria; and performed untargeted metabolomics on treated fish, with and without exercise. Results Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased blood nitrate and nitrite levels. Nitrate treatment significantly lowered the oxygen cost of exercise, as compared with pretreatment values. In contrast, nitrite treatment significantly increased oxygen consumption with exercise. Nitrate and nitrite treatments did not change mitochondrial function measured ex vivo, but significantly increased the abundances of ATP, ADP, lactate, glycolytic intermediates (e.g., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (e.g., succinate), and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate) by 1.8- to 3.8-fold, relative to controls. Exercise significantly depleted glycolytic and TCA intermediates in nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish, as compared with their rested counterparts, while exercise did not change, or increased, these metabolites in control fish. There was a significant net depletion of fatty acids, acyl carnitines, and ketone bodies in exercised, nitrite-treated fish (2- to 4-fold), while exercise increased net fatty acids and acyl carnitines in nitrate-treated fish (1.5- to 12-fold), relative to their treated and rested counterparts. Conclusions Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased the availability of metabolic fuels (ATP, glycolytic and TCA intermediates, lactate, and ketone bodies) in rested zebrafish. Nitrate treatment may improve exercise performance, in part, by stimulating the preferential use of fuels that require less oxygen for energy production.

The Relationships between Plasma Substrates and Hormones and the Severity of Injury in 277 Recently Injured Patients

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Stoner ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
R. N. Barton ◽  
C. J. Threlfall ◽  
R. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Injured Patients

1. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, ketone bodies, ethanol, cortisol and insulin were measured in patients within a few hours of injury and before treatment. The severity of the injuries was assessed by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) method. 2. Plasma lactate and glucose concentrations both rose significantly with increasing ISS. 3. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol were greater after moderate (ISS 7–12) than after minor (ISS 1–6) injuries. The glycerol concentrations were no higher and the non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were lower after severe (ISS > 12) than after moderate injuries. The concentrations of total ketone bodies tended to follow those of non-esterified fatty acids and there was a highly significant correlation between them. 4. The total concentration of amino acids was not affected by the severity of injury and there were no systematic changes in the concentrations of individual ones. 5. Plasma insulin concentrations were very variable and not related to severity. A weak correlation with the plasma glucose concentration seen after minor and moderate injuries was lost in the severely injured. 6. The plasma cortisol concentration was positively related to ISS up to ISS 12 but negatively so in the severely injured. 7. Factors such as age, sex and time after last meal were investigated. The most important factor modifying the response was intake of ethanol, which reduced the plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and alanine and raised that of lactate as well as the [β-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio.

Allosteric, transcriptional and post-translational control of mitochondrial energy metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (12) ◽  
pp. 1695-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qutuba G. Karwi ◽  
Alice R. Jörg ◽  
Gary D. Lopaschuk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Energy Substrates ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Cardiac Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cardiac Energy

AbstractThe heart is the organ with highest energy turnover rate (per unit weight) in our body. The heart relies on its flexible and powerful catabolic capacity to continuously generate large amounts of ATP utilizing many energy substrates including fatty acids, carbohydrates (glucose and lactate), ketones and amino acids. The normal health mainly utilizes fatty acids (40–60%) and glucose (20–40%) for ATP production while ketones and amino acids have a minor contribution (10–15% and 1–2%, respectively). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the major contributor to cardiac energy production (95%) while cytosolic glycolysis has a marginal contribution (5%). The heart can dramatically and swiftly switch between energy-producing pathways and/or alter the share from each of the energy substrates based on cardiac workload, availability of each energy substrate and neuronal and hormonal activity. The heart is equipped with a highly sophisticated and powerful mitochondrial machinery which synchronizes cardiac energy production from different substrates and orchestrates the rate of ATP production to accommodate its contractility demands. This review discusses mitochondrial cardiac energy metabolism and how it is regulated. This includes a discussion on the allosteric control of cardiac energy metabolism by short-chain coenzyme A esters, including malonyl CoA and its effect on cardiac metabolic preference. We also discuss the transcriptional level of energy regulation and its role in the maturation of cardiac metabolism after birth and cardiac adaptability for different metabolic conditions and energy demands. The role post-translational modifications, namely phosphorylation, acetylation, malonylation, succinylation and glutarylation, play in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism is also discussed.

A comparison of fuel preferences of mitochondria from vertebrates and invertebrates

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Moyes ◽  
R. K. Suarez ◽  
P. W. Hochachka ◽  
J. S. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Aerobic Energy Metabolism

Knowledge of tissue-specific mitochondrial properties is important in understanding cellular aerobic energy metabolism. Studies employing isolated mitochondria offer the advantage of direct and controlled manipulation of extramitochondrial conditions, while minimizing disruption of interactions between mitochondrial enzymes, transporters, and membranes. In this review, we compare the oxidative properties of mitochondria isolated from liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of vertebrates and invertebrates. The observed differences between tissues and species in the capacities for mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, ketone bodies, pyruvate, and amino acids reflect fundamentally different adaptations for the assimilation, storage, and utilization of metabolic fuels.

1010-P: Effects of MEDI0382, an Oxyntomodulin-Like Peptide with Targeted GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Activity, on Amino Acids, Ketones, and Free Fatty Acids

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1010-P
Author(s):  
VICTORIA E. PARKER ◽  
DARREN ROBERTSON ◽  
TAO WANG ◽  
DAVID C. HORNIGOLD ◽  
MAXIMILIAN G. POSCH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Glucagon Receptor

Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedin Abdallah ◽  
Evera Elemba ◽  
Qingzhen Zhong ◽  
Zewei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

Synthesis and biological activity of new metallocenic angiotensin II analogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2914-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierrette Maes ◽  
Annie Ricouart ◽  
Emmanuel Escher ◽  
André Tartar ◽  
Christian Sergheraert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Solid Phase Method

Analogs of angiotensin II in which phenylalanine in position 8 was replaced with cymantrenylalanine or with its triphenylphosphine photosubstitution product were synthesized by the solid-phase method. On rabbit aorta strips, these peptides were found to be pure antagonists of angiotensin II. Their relative affinities are higher than most other analogs substituted in position 8 with bulky amino-acids.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document