scholarly journals Angiotensinogen Gene–Activating Elements Regulate Blood Pressure in the Brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadahiko Nishii ◽  
Atsushi Moriguchi ◽  
Ryuichi Morishita ◽  
Kazuo Yamada ◽  
Shigefumi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensinogen Gene ◽  
The Brain

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

scholarly journals Is High Blood Pressure Self-Protection for the Brain?

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther A.H. Warnert ◽  
Jonathan C.L. Rodrigues ◽  
Amy E. Burchell ◽  
Sandra Neumann ◽  
Laura E.K. Ratcliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Divergent mechanism regulating fluid intake and metabolism by the brain renin-angiotensin system

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. R313-R320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt D. Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Intracellular Form ◽  
Efferent Pathways ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The purpose of this review is two-fold. First, I will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating angiotensin II (ANG II) synthesis in the brain, focusing on evidence that renin is expressed in the brain and is expressed in two forms: a secreted form, which may catalyze extracellular ANG I generation from glial or neuronal angiotensinogen (AGT), and an intracellular form, which may generate intracellular ANG in neurons that may act as a neurotransmitter. Second, I will discuss recent studies that advance the concept that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain not only is a potent regulator of blood pressure and fluid intake but may also regulate metabolism. The efferent pathways regulating the blood pressure/dipsogenic effects and the metabolic effects of elevated central RAS activity appear different, with the former being dependent upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the latter being dependent upon an interaction between the brain and the systemic (or adipose) RAS.

Control of Blood Pressure and the Distribution of Blood Flow

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans T. Versmold
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Adrenergic Innervation ◽  
Systemic Blood ◽  
Low Cardiac Output ◽  
Neurohumoral Control ◽  
The Brain

Systemic blood pressure (BP) is the product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is controlled by the heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload. Vascular resistance (vascular hindrance × viscosity) is under local autoregulation and general neurohumoral control through sympathetic adrenergic innervation and circulating catecholamines. Sympathetic innovation predominates in organs receivingflowin excess of their metabolic demands (skin, splanchnic organs, kidney), while innervation is poor and autoregulation predominates in the brain and heart. The distribution of blood flow depends on the relative resistances of the organ circulations. During stress (hypoxia, low cardiac output), a raise in adrenergic tone and in circulating catecholamines leads to preferential vasoconstriction in highly innervated organs, so that blood flow is directed to the brain and heart. Catecholamines also control the levels of the vasoconstrictors renin, angiotensin II, and vasopressin. These general principles also apply to the neonate.

scholarly journals Acute Changes in Blood Pressure Following Vascular Diseases in the Brain Stem

Stroke ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKIRA ITO ◽  
TERUO OMAE ◽  
SHIBANOSUKE KATSUKI
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract P059: A A Role of Aminopeptidase A in the Brain on Cardiovascular Regulation of Conscious Rat

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuto Nakamura ◽  
Masanobu Yamazato ◽  
Akio Ishida ◽  
Yusuke Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Aminopeptidase A ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Aminopeptidase A (APA) have important role in conversion of Ang II to Ang III. Intravenous APA administration lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In contrast, APA inhibition in the brain lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Therefore APA might have different role on cardiovascular regulation. However, a role of APA and Ang III on cardiovascular regulation especially in the brain has not been fully understood. Our purpose of present study was to investigate a role of APA and Ang III in the brain on cardiovascular regulation in conscious state. Method: 12-13 weeks old Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY) and 12-16 weeks old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were used. i) APA distribution in the brain was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of APA was evaluated by Western blotting. Enzymatic activity of APA was evaluated using L-glutamic acid γ-(4-nitroanilide) as a substrate. ii) WKY received icv administration of Ang II 25ng/2μL and Ang III 25ng/2μL. We recorded change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious and unrestraied state and measured induced drinking time. iii) SHR received icv administeration of recombinant APA 400ng/4μL. We recorded change in MAP in conscious and unrestraied state and measured induced drinking time. Result: i) APA was diffusely immunostained in the cells of brain stem including cardiovascular regulatory area such as rostral ventrolateral medulla. Protein expression and APA activity in the brain were similar between WKY (n=3) and SHR (n=3).ii) Icv administration of Ang II increased MAP by 33.8±3.8 mmHg and induced drinking behavior for 405±90 seconds (n=4). Icv administration of Ang III also increased MAP by 24.7±2.4 mmHg and induced drinking behavior for 258±62 seconds (n=3). These vasopressor activity and induced drinking behavior was completely blocked by pretretment of angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker.iii) Icv administration of APA increased MAP by 10.0±1.7 mmHg (n=3). Conclusion: These results suggested that Ang III in the brain increase blood pressure by Angiotensin type 1 receptor dependent mechanism and APA in the brain may involved in blood pressure regulation as a vasopressor enzyme.

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