Abstract P352: Trend of Salt Consumption in Italy From 2008 to 2018: Preliminary Results of the Cuore Project

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Donfrancesco ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
Ornella Russo ◽  
Daniela Minutoli ◽  
Anna Di Lonardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Random Samples

Introduction: The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan (NPP) 2014-2019, with the collaboration of the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy (GIRCSI). Hypothesis: Agreements between the MoH and the associations of artisan bakers and food industry companies were signed since 2009 to reduce the salt content in bread and in other food products. Within the NPP, initiatives as local inter-sectors agreements and information activities for the population and training for food sector operators are implemented. In order to estimate the habitual salt intake and its trend in the general adult population, national surveys, funded by the MoH-CCM, are conducted within the CUORE Project. Methods: Baseline salt intake by the use of 24h urine collections was assessed in 2008-2012 from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years, resident in all Italian 20 Regions. A new survey is ongoing (2018-2019) involving random samples of persons aged 35-74 years, resident in 10 Regions. Urinary sodium excretion is assayed by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Comparisons are made considering, for both periods, the seven regions examined up to now in the ongoing survey and the age range of 35-74 years. Results: Within the 2018-2019 survey, mean level of sodium chloride per day in 673 men and 709 women was 161 mmol (95% confidence interval: 156-166 mmol) and 122 mmol (119-126 mmol) respectively, whereas in the 2008-2012 survey the corresponding mean levels in 642 men and 627 women was 183 mmol (95% confidence interval: 178-189 mmol) and 140 mmol (135-144 mmol), respectively. A sodium chloride intake level within the WHO recommended upper level of 85 mmol (or 5 grams of salt) per day was detected in 9% (6-11%) of men and 24% (20-27%) of women examined in 2018-2019 vs 5% (3-6%) of men and 16% (13-19%) of women examined in 2008-2012. Conclusions: These preliminary data show that the average habitual sodium intake in Italy is still largely higher than recommended but a significant reduction seems to occur. These results fully justify and encourage the ongoing preventive initiatives for reduction of sodium intake and its monitoring in the population.

scholarly journals Sodium intake in Italy from 2008 to 2019: results of the CUORE Project-Health Examination Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
O Russo ◽  
P Bellisario ◽  
D Galeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
General Adult Population

Abstract Background The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of NCDs recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan 2014-2019, in collaboration with the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy. To estimate the habitual salt intake and its trend in the general adult population, national surveys, funded by the MoH-CCM, are conducted within the CUORE Project. Methods Baseline salt intake by the use of 24h urine collections was assessed in 2008-2012 from representative random samples of residents in all Italian Regions. A new survey was conducted in 2018-2019 involving random samples of residents in 10 Regions. Urinary sodium excretion is assayed by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Comparisons are made considering, for both periods, the first seven regions examined in the 2018-2019 survey and the age range of 35-74 years. Results Within the 2008-2012 survey, mean level of sodium chloride per day in 642 men and 627 women were 10.6 g (10.3-11.0 g) and 8.0 g (7.7-8.3 g) respectively, whereas in the 2018-2019 survey the corresponding mean levels in 673 men and 709 women were 9.3 g (95% C.I.: 9.1-9.6 g) and 7.1 g (6.9-7.3 g), respectively. A sodium chloride intake level lower than the WHO recommended target of 5g/day (or 85 mmol/day) was detected in 5% (3-6%) of men and 16% (13-19%) of women examined in 2008-2012 vs 9% (6-11%) of men and 24% (20-27%) of women examined in 2018-2019. Conclusions These preliminary data show that the average habitual sodium intake in Italy is still higher than recommended but a significant reduction seems to occur. These results fully justify and encourage the ongoing preventive initiatives of MoH, facilitating the meeting of the WHO-NCD target. Key messages Habitual salt intake in the Italian general adult population is still higher than the recommended by the WHO. If confirmed, in the last ten years a reduction of habitual salt intake in Italian general adult population seems to be occurred.

scholarly journals Preventive actions for the gradual reduction of excessive salt intake and its monitoring in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
P Bellisario ◽  
D Galeone ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
O Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Preventive Actions

Abstract Issue The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of NCDs recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan (NPP) 2014-2019, with the collaboration of the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy (GIRCSI). Description of the problem According to the “Gaining Health” Programme, agreements between the MoH and the associations of artisan bakers and food industry companies were signed since 2009 to reduce the salt content in bread and in other food products. The reduction of excessive salt intake is one of the main objective of the NPP 2014-2019 pursued by the Regions through initiatives as local inter-sectors agreements and information activities for the population and training for food sector operators. The Italian Institute of Health conducts national surveys to estimate habitual salt intake in the general adult population by collecting 24h urine. Baseline assessment was in 2008-2012 from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years, resident in all 20 Regions. A new survey is ongoing (2018-2019) involving persons aged 35-74 years, resident in 10 Regions. Surveys are funded by the MoH-CCM; urinary sodium excretion is effected by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Results The baseline survey showed a mean sodium excretion of 10.6 g/24h (95% confidence interval 10.5-10.8) in 1963 men and 8.2g/24h (8.1-8.4) in 1894 women. Results of the ongoing survey are expected in the coming months. Lessons In Italy preventive actions of salt reduction supported by the MoH have been implemented. Estimation of salt intake in diet by 24h/urine is included. Results of baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025. Key messages In Italy inter-sectors preventive actions of salt reduction are implemented. Results of the baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate in Italy the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025.

scholarly journals A Survey of Sodium Chloride Content in Italian Artisanal and Industrial Bread

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Carcea ◽  
Valentina Narducci ◽  
Valeria Turfani ◽  
Altero Aguzzi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Content ◽  
Very High

A nationwide survey on salt content in both artisanal and industrial bread was undertaken in Italy to establish a baseline for salt reduction initiatives. Excess sodium intake in the diet is associated with high blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Bread has been identified as a major contributor to salt intake in the Italian diet. Most of the bread consumed in Italy comes from artisanal bakeries so 135 artisanal bread were sampled in 56 locations from Northern to Southern Italy together with 19 samples of industrial bread representative of the entire Italian production. Sodium chloride content was analysed according to the Volhardt’s method. A salt content between 0.7% and 2.3% g/100 g (as is basis) was found, with a mean value of 1.5% (Standard Deviation, 0.3). However, the majority of samples (58%) had a content below 1.5%, with 12% having a very low salt content (between 0.5% and 1.0%), whereas the remaining 42% had a salt content higher than the mean value with a very high salt content (>2.0%) recorded for 3% of samples. As regards the industrial bread, an average content of 1.6% was found (SD, 0.3). In this group, most of the samples (56%) had a very high content between 2.0% and 2.5%, whereas 5% only had a content between 1.1% and 1.5%. Statistics on salt content are also reported for the different categories of bread.

scholarly journals Labelling the salt content in foods: a useful tool in reducing sodium intake in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo Pietinen ◽  
Liisa M Valsta ◽  
Tero Hirvonen ◽  
Harri Sinkko
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the impact of choosing food products labelled either as low or high in salt on salt intake in the Finnish adult population.Setting and subjectsThe National FINDIET 2002 survey with 48-hour recalls from 2007 subjects aged 25–64 years. Sodium intake was calculated based on the Fineli® food composition database including the sodium content of natural and processed foods as well as the salt content of recipes. The distribution of salt intake was calculated in different ways: the present situation; assuming that all breads, cheeses, processed meat and fish, breakfast cereals and fat spreads consumed would be either ‘lightly salted’ or ‘heavily salted’ based on the current labelling practice; and, in addition, assuming that all foods would be prepared with 50% less or more salt.ResultsExcluding underreporters, the mean salt intake would be reduced by 1.8 g in men and by 1.0 g in women if the entire population were to choose lightly salted products and further by 2.5 and 1.8 g, respectively, if also salt used in cooking were halved. Choosing heavily salted products would increase salt intake by 2.1 g in men and by 1.4 g in women. In the worst scenarios, salt intake would be further increased by 2.3 g in men and by 1.6 g in women.ConclusionsThese calculations show that the potential impact of labelling and giving consumers the possibility to choose products with less salt is of public health importance. In addition, strategies to reduce the salt content of all food groups are needed.

Abstract P406: Trend of Salt Consumption in Italy from 2009 to 2012

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Donfrancesco ◽  
Pasquale Strazzullo ◽  
Daniela Galeone ◽  
Luigi Palmieri ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Preventive Program ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Background: Strategies aiming at reducing dietary sodium are being implemented in many countries based on evidence-based knowledge supporting their cost-effectiveness for reduction of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. From 2009 to 2011 a Preventive Program of the Italian Ministry of Health has been implemented in Italy including the agreement with bread makers’ associations for the gradual reduction of the salt content in bread, public information campaigns, and the evaluation of population current dietary sodium intakes. This analyses aim to monitor dietary intake of sodium and potassium in representative samples of the Italian adult population before and after the Preventive Program. Methods: Data from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years and resident in Italian central regions were collected from October 2009 to September 2010 (299 men and 280 women) and from April to July 2012 (205 men and 210 women). Determinations of sodium and potassium were assessed in a centralized laboratory. Information on the consumption of high salt content food were collected through a questionnaire. Comparisons between mean levels and prevalences were performed using t-test and chi-squared test respectively. Results: In men, mean level of sodium chloride per day resulted 185 mmol (95% confidence interval: 177-193 mmol) in 2009-2010 samples and 161 mmol (152-169 mmol) in 2012 samples (p<0.0001). In women, mean level of sodium chloride per day resulted 144 mmol (138-151 mmol) and 125 mmol (117-132 mmol) respectively (p=0.0001). Among men, sodium chloride excretion was higher than 85 mmol (the WHO recommended upper level for sodium intake) in 97% in 2009-2010 samples and 91% in 2012 samples (p=0.0026); among women in 86% and 73% respectively (p=0.0002). Among men, 23% have declared in 2009- 2010 to eat bread without salt often, while 40% in 2012 (p<0.0001); in women 22% and 39% respectively (p=0.0001). No statistically significant differences were found between mean levels of potassium between samples collected in 2009- 2010 and samples of 2012. Conclusions: Presented data show that average daily sodium intake in central Italy is still largely higher than that recommended but a significant improvement of mean level of sodium intake and consumption of bread without salt resulted. This results fully justify and encourage the preventive initiatives for reduction of sodium intake and its monitoring in the general population.

scholarly journals Acceptance of salt reduction in bakery bread among Moroccan consumers

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Yasmine Guennoun ◽  
Amina Bouziani ◽  
Habiba Bajit ◽  
Hicham El Berri ◽  
Laila Elammari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Purchase Intent ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Moroccan Population ◽  
Salt Consumption

Background: The use of cooking salt (sodium chloride) for bread preparation is due to several important sensory and technological properties. Even considered as an essential micronutrient and a salty taste stimulus, a significant dietary sodium intake is positively correlated with high blood pressure levels and some heart diseases. Recently, Morocco has adopted a plan to reduce salt consumption aiming to reinforce the prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and to contribute to the achievement of 2025 global voluntary targets, set by the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2). Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine the acceptance of bakery bread with a different percentage reduction of salt by the Moroccan population. Subjects and Methods: Various percentages of salt reduction in experimental bread; 7%, 10%, 16%, 23%, 30%, and 53%, were tasted and compared with standard market bread by 201 individuals. “Just About Right” (JAR) and purchase scales were utilized to score the different sample bread. Results: Bread with 10% and 16% salt reduction were highly accepted by 76% and 79% of tasters, respectively. Based on the JAR score, these types of bread were considered as “just about right’ by 50% and 57% of the participants respectively. The best average score of purchase intent was obtained for salt content of 1.62g and 1.56g per 100g for a reduction of 10% and 16% respectively. Conclusions: The current adopted strategy allows a 16% sodium reduction while maintaining taste quality. Keywords: Sodium chloride, bread, salt reduction, Moroccan population.

Abstract P355: Sodium and Potassium 24 Hours Excretion in The Italian Adult Population: Preliminary Results of The MINISAL-GIRCSI Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Donfrancesco ◽  
Renato Ippolito ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
Luigi Palmieri ◽  
Roberto Iacone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Background: According to the recommendation of the High Level Group of the European Union within the “Gaining health: make healthy choices easy choice” Preventive Program of the Italian Ministry of Health, the agreement with bread makers' associations was signed for the gradual reduction of the salt content in bread. In Italy, information about habitual sodium and potassium intake is scanty. In order to monitor preventive actions of this Preventive Programme the MINISAL-GIRCSI Study is to assess the dietary intake of sodium and potassium in representative samples of the Italian adult population. Methods: Baseline data from 12 different random samples collected within the MINISAL-GIRCSI-Health Examination Survey started in 2008, with completed screening and laboratory determinations, were considered: 1196 men and 1231 women aged 35-79 years. Sodium and potassium daily intakes were assessed through 24-hour urine collection using standardized procedures. Determinations of sodium, potassium and creatinine were assessed in a centralized laboratory. Information on habit of adding salt to food and the consumption of high salt content food were collected through a questionnaire. Results: Mean of sodium chloride per day resulted 11 g in men and 8 g in women with a range of 1-27 g and 2-27 g respectively. Mean of potassium chloride per day resulted 5 g in men and 4 g in women with a range of 1-13 g and 1-9 g respectively. Mean of creatinine per day resulted 1463 mg in men and 942 mg in women. Mean of urine volume per day resulted 1861 ml in men and 1827 ml in women. In both men and women, higher intake of sodium chloride was found in Southern regions; no geographical differences were found for potassium chloride. Sodium and potassium chloride excretions were not found higher with increasing age. Most of persons (72%) eat three slices of bread per day and 22% eat cheese and processed meat more than 4 times per week. Thirteen percent of persons usually add salt during meals and 19% are usually thirsty after meals. Conclusions: Preliminary results show that Italian adult population take more than double of WHO recommended salt intake; this is typical in industrialized countries. Further analyses considering data from other Italian regions are needed to confirm these values. The prevention actions at population level should include recommendations for reducing salt intake.

scholarly journals A Brief Study of Dietary Salt Intake in an Urban Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahere Soltani ◽  
Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad ◽  
Azadeh Nadjarzadeh ◽  
Ali Akbar Vaezi ◽  
Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
The People

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of salt consumed by the people living in Yazd, Iran and its related factors based on previous investigations. materials and methods: A general search was performed on electronic databases of Daneshgostar Barakat system, Magiran, SID and English databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of sciences, Science direct, and Google scholar search engines using following keywords: "salt intake" OR "sodium intake" OR "salt reduction" OR "salt content" OR "sodium reduction" OR "Diet, Reducing"  regardless of the time interval. A total of 273 articles were obtained from the mentioned website. Papers published up to September 30, 2019 were retrieved. A total of 15 related articles were analyzed, and studies on the amount of salt consumed were evaluated. Results: The amount of salt received by the people of Yazd is higher than the standard of the World Organization and has an increasing trend. Conclusion: A population-based approach for salt intake reduction can lower blood pressure levels and presumably significantly reduce mortality. Therefore, the implementation of a comprehensive plan and intervention for salt consumption is necessary for this population.

scholarly journals Salt Intake in Nigeria: a nationwide population survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N Odili ◽  
B.S Chori ◽  
B Danladi ◽  
P.C Nwakile ◽  
J.O Ogedengbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Population wide salt reduction programmes are cost effective strategies for control of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Obtaining a nationwide salt consumption data in a multi-cultural setting as Nigeria's is key for proper implementation and monitoring of such strategy. Methods We measured sodium in 24-hour urine of free-living adult Nigerians selected from an urban and a rural site each from the 6 geopolitical zones of Nigeria to evaluate patterns of salt intake and its associations with blood pressures (BP). Results Across the 12 sites, sodium intake ranged from 97.9 in the rural South-South to 210 mmol/day in the urban site of the same zone. Overall, the median (IQR) daily sodium intake was 143.5 (97.8) mmol; with higher (p=0.0028) levels among the urban 149.7 (113.8) compared to the rural 133.1 (105.2) dwellers. Overall, 20% of the subjects consumed less than the recommended 2g (86mmol) of sodium daily. After adjustment for age, sex and BMI; sodium intake and BP (systolic and diastolic) were positively associated in 8 out of the 12 sites; significantly so in 2 (p&lt;0.05) for systolic. Within population analysis; which included 973 individuals, increasing sodium intake tended (not significantly) to increase SBP but decrease DBP. However, among subjects whose sodium intake was in excess of 257mmol/day, a 100 mmol/day increase in sodium intake was significantly (p=0.04) associated with a 3.3 mmHg increase in SBP. Conclusion Salt intake among Nigerians is higher than the recommended. The impact of sodium intake on BP appears to be evident only among individuals with high salt intake. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Wellcome Trust

scholarly journals Developing a policy to reduce the salt content of food consumed outside the home in Malaysia: protocol of a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e044628
Author(s):  
Mhairi Karen Brown ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Yee Xing You ◽  
Viola Michael ◽  
Hazreen Abdul Majid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Research Ethics Committee ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
Medical Research Ethics

IntroductionCurrent salt intake in Malaysia is high. The existing national salt reduction policy has faced slow progress and does not yet include measures to address the out of home sector. Dishes consumed in the out of home sector are a known leading contributor to daily salt intake. This study aims to develop a salt reduction strategy, tailored to the out of home sector in Malaysia.Methods and analysisThis study is a qualitative analysis of stakeholder views towards salt reduction. Participants will be recruited from five zones of Malaysia (Western, Northern, Eastern and Southern regions and East Malaysia), including policy-makers, non-governmental organisations, food industries, school canteen operators, street food vendors and consumers, to participate in focus group discussions or in-depth interviews. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Barriers will be identified and used to develop a tailored salt reduction strategy.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Research Ethics Committee (UKM PPI/1118/JEP-2020–524), the Malaysian National Medical Research Ethics Committee (NMRR-20-1387-55481 (IIR)) and Queen Mary University of London Research Ethics Committee (QMERC2020/37) . Results will be presented orally and in report form and made available to the relevant ministries for example, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Trade to encourage adoption of strategy as policy. The findings of this study will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and webinars.

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