The Path to Last Resort: The Role of Early Warning & Early Action

Daedalus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Jennifer Leaning
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Just War ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
International Community ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Just War Doctrine ◽  
Research And Policy

For just war doctrine to apply, the last resort requirement to exhaust all measures short-of-war must be fulfilled. Because of research and policy developments in the last fifteen years, the international community is now equipped with a richer understanding of how wars and atrocities evolve through time, improved precision about trigger points and risk factors that may accelerate that evolution, growing consensus on what prevention and mitigation steps to look for in that process, and new technologies for ascertaining these steps in order to intervene when mitigating action might deflect the escalation. It is thus argued that the responsibility of the international community to intervene in a timely and appropriate fashion has become increasingly clear and inescapable. It is further argued that the alert engagement of civil society in crafting this body of research and policy places a heavy public burden on government leaders to demonstrate that indeed all measures short-of-war have been exhausted. We now have at our collective disposal many more measures to deploy and many more witnesses to raise the alarm. Accordingly, the threshold for declaring that last resort has been reached has now become much higher.

Human Rights NGOs and their Role in the Promotion and Protection of Rights in Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Community ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The United Nations

Abstract‘NGOs and, more generally, organizations of the civil society, no longer simply have a consumer relationship with the United Nations. They have increasingly assumed the role of promoters of new ideas, they alerted the international community to emerging issues, and they have developed expertise and talent which, in an increasing number of areas, have become vital to the work of the United Nations, both at the policy and operational levels.’

The roles of civil society in the development of standards around new weapons and other technologies of warfare

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (886) ◽  
pp. 765-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Rappert ◽  
Richard Moyes ◽  
Anna Crowe ◽  
Thomas Nash
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
The Public Sphere

AbstractThis article considers the role of civil society in the development of new standards around weapons. The broad but informal roles that civil society has undertaken are contrasted with the relatively narrow review mechanisms adopted by states in fulfilment of their legal obligations. Such review mechanisms are also considered in the context of wider thinking about processes by which society considers new technologies that may be adopted into the public sphere. The article concludes that formalized review mechanisms, such as those undertaken in terms of Article 36 of Additional Protocol I (1977) of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, should be a focus of civil society attention in their own right as part of efforts to strengthen standard-setting in relation to emerging military technologies.

scholarly journals The Role of International Alert in Advancing Early Warning and Early Action

Refuge ◽  
1996 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Kumar Rupesinghe
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
International Community ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Early Action ◽  
The Many

This paper focuses on the role of International Alert in promoting early warning and early action in areas of international conflict. It begins by introducing the percepts of preventive diplomacy as used by International Alert. A number of the organisation's objectives and activities are highlighted, showing the many ways in which the principles of conflict prevention and early warning are being developed in areas of potential violence and amongst a wider interdisciplinary audience. In conclusion, the main aims of International Alert and our objective to create a global network with different sectors of the international community and to motivate the creation of a non-military early action mechanism to prevent the escalation of violent conflict are presented.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY AND DEFENSE SECTOR OF THE STATE

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Yuriy Romanyuk ◽  
Volodymyr Palyvoda
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
National Security ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Public Examination ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Special Services ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Governmental Institutions

The article considers the problems of special and intelligence services, defines the role of civil society in expanding the intelligence community of Ukraine. Examples of advanced countries’ best foreign practices in the engagement of NGOs in national security problems solutions are given. Essential for our State national security priority tasks have been identified. These include: "rebooting" the security sector, strengthening mutual trust, promoting democratic institutions, and building an active civil society. Areas and ways of non-governmental institutions and public organizations' involvement in the implementation of special tasks to achieve the necessary synergy and strengthen national resilience are identified. Such main areas could include, in particular: drafting recommendations to improve state policy in the areas of national security, the protection of citizens' rights and freedoms, the constitutional order; conducting public examination of the national security bills, drafting national security legislation, monitoring of relevant documents to increase the efficiency of their implementation and the responsibility of enforcers; collecting open sources information commissioned by intelligence and special services, preparing analytical studies and reports on specific issues on a contractual basis; participation in planning and conduct of certain special operations under the general direction and coordination of intelligence agencies and special services; development of basic science in the interests of security and defence of the country, conducting applied research, creating new technologies; preparation of proposals for the implementation of national security legislation; development of appropriate mechanisms and procedures for public control; respect for freedom of speech, constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

Meiotic CENP-C is a shepherd: bridging the space between the centromere and the kinetochore in time and space

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Fellmeth ◽  
Kim S. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Early Prophase ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Kinetochore Assembly ◽  
M Phase ◽  
In Vivo Analysis ◽  
Meiosis I

Abstract While many of the proteins involved in the mitotic centromere and kinetochore are conserved in meiosis, they often gain a novel function due to the unique needs of homolog segregation during meiosis I (MI). CENP-C is a critical component of the centromere for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Recent work, however, has highlighted the unique features of meiotic CENP-C. Centromere establishment and stability require CENP-C loading at the centromere for CENP-A function. Pre-meiotic loading of proteins necessary for homolog recombination as well as cohesion also rely on CENP-C, as do the main scaffolding components of the kinetochore. Much of this work relies on new technologies that enable in vivo analysis of meiosis like never before. Here, we strive to highlight the unique role of this highly conserved centromere protein that loads on to centromeres prior to M-phase onset, but continues to perform critical functions through chromosome segregation. CENP-C is not merely a structural link between the centromere and the kinetochore, but also a functional one joining the processes of early prophase homolog synapsis to late metaphase kinetochore assembly and signaling.

Role of acquired and hereditary thrombotic risk factors in patients with ischemic colitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A282-A282
Author(s):  
I KOUTROUBAKIS ◽  
A SFIRIDAKI ◽  
A THEODOROPOULOU ◽  
A LIVADIOTAKI ◽  
P DIMOULIOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Colitis ◽  
Thrombotic Risk

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

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