Cross-Generational Differences in Educational Outcomes in the Second Great Wave of Immigration

We use matched birth records and longitudinal student records in Florida to investigate whether first-, second-, and third-generation Asian and Hispanic immigrants have different educational success (measured by test scores, disciplinary problems, truancy, high school graduation, and college readiness). We find that, for both Asian and Hispanic students, early-arriving first generation immigrants perform better than do second-generation immigrants, who perform better than third-generation immigrants. The earlier the arrival, the better the students tend to perform. There is therefore a general pattern of successively reduced achievement in the generations following the generation that immigrated to the United States.

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Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police: An Examination of Generational and Ethnic Differences in the United States

International Criminal Justice Review ◽

10.1177/1057567719883930 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 156-174

Author(s):

Sungil Han ◽

Ha-Neul Yim ◽

Richard Hernandez ◽

Jon Maskály

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

The United States ◽

Policy Implications ◽

World Value Survey ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Second Generation Immigrants ◽

The Impact

As the number of immigrants in the United States grows, the importance of their confidence in the police cannot be understated. This article simultaneously examines the impact of both generational and ethnic differences among immigrants on their confidence in the police. Using a sample of U.S. residents from the World Value Survey (Wave 6, N = 2,232), the results suggest that first-generation immigrants have less confidence in the police than both nonimmigrants and second-generation immigrants. The results also suggest a generational and ethnic effect with second-generation immigrants of Hispanic/Latino origin reporting a lower level of confidence in the police than other ethnic immigrant groups. The importance of these findings is discussed in light of both scholarly and policy implications.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Immigrants to the United States

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260515589568 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1543-1564 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Michael G. Vaughn ◽

Christopher P. Salas-Wright ◽

Jin Huang ◽

Zhengmin Qian ◽

Lauren D. Terzis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sexual Abuse ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

First Generation ◽

The United States ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Second Generation Immigrants ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Physical And Sexual Abuse

A growing number of studies have examined the “immigrant paradox” with respect to health behaviors in the United States. However, little research attention has been afforded to the study of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and witnessing violence) among immigrants in the United States. The present study, using Waves I and II data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), aims to address these gaps by comparing forms of ACE of first- and second-generation immigrants with native-born American adults in the United States. We also examined the latent structure of ACE among immigrants and conducted analyses to assess the psychiatric correlates of identified latent classes. With the exception of neglect, the prevalence of ACE was markedly higher among native-born Americans and second-generation immigrants compared with first-generation immigrants. Four latent classes were identified—limited adverse experience ( n = 3,497), emotional and physical abuse ( n = 1,262), family violence ( n = 358), and global adversity ( n = 246). The latter three classes evinced greater likelihood of being diagnosed with a mood, anxiety, personality, and substance use disorder, and to report violent and non-violent antisocial behavior. Consistent with prior research examining the associations between the immigrant paradox and health outcomes, results suggest that first-generation immigrants to the United States are less likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse and witness domestic violence. However, likely due to cultural circumstances, first-generation immigrants were more likely to report experiences that are deemed neglectful by Western standards.

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The Immigrant Family: Cultural Legacies and Cultural Changes

International Migration Review ◽

10.1177/019791839703100407 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 961-974 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Nancy Foner

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

First Generation ◽

The United States ◽

Immigrant Family ◽

Cultural Meanings ◽

Cultural Changes ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Family Patterns ◽

Cultural Legacies ◽

The Way

This article examines the way family and kinship patterns change in the process of immigration — and why. Offering an interpretative synthesis, it emphasizes the way first generation immigrants to the United States fuse together the old and new to create a new kind of family life. The family is seen as a place where there is a dynamic interplay between structure, culture, and agency. New immigrant family patterns are shaped by cultural meanings and social practices immigrants bring with them from their home countries as well as social, economic and cultural forces in the United States.

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First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales

Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research ◽

10.1108/jacpr-08-2014-0134 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 46-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Bui ◽

David P Farrington

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Generational Status ◽

Native Population ◽

Content Type ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Second Generation Immigrants ◽

Negative Perceptions ◽

Socially Excluded ◽

Violence Attitudes

Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.

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Patients’ perception of differences in general practitioners’ attitudes toward immigrants compared to the general population: Qualicopc Slovenia

Slovenian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1515/sjph-2016-0020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 155-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maja Jakič ◽

Danica Rotar Pavlič

Keyword(s):

General Practitioners ◽

First Generation ◽

Immigrant Population ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽

Second Generation Immigrants ◽

Slovenian Population ◽

Patients Experience ◽

Negative Behaviour ◽

Overall Health Status

Abstract Introduction Globally, the number of immigrants is rising every year, so that the number of immigrants worldwide is estimated at 200 million. In Slovenia, immigrants comprise 6.5% of the overall population. Immigrants bring along to a foreign country their cultural differences and these differences can affect immigrants’ overall health status and lead to chronic health conditions. The aim of this study was to identify patients’ perception of general practitioners’ (GPs’) attitudes toward immigrants in Slovenia. Methods This study was based on the Qualicopc questionnaire. We used the questions that targeted patients’ experience with the appointment at their GP on the day that the study was carried out. Results There were no differences in GPs’ accessibility based on groups included in our study (p>0.05). Compared to the non-immigrant population, first-generation immigrants answered that their GPs were impolite (p=0.018) and that they did not take enough time for them (p=0.038). In addition, they also experienced more difficulties understanding their GP’s instructions (p<0.001). Second-generation immigrants experienced more negative behaviour from GPs, and first-generation immigrants had more difficulties understanding GPs’ instructions. Conclusion There may be some differences in patients’ perception of GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants in comparison with the general Slovenian population. However, based on the perception of the immigrants that do benefit from the medical care it is not possible to judge the GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants as worse compared to their attitude towards the non-immigrant population. Indeed, there may be other reasons why the patients answered the way they did.

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Repositioning Taiwan: Historical Representation and Transformative Identity in Taiwanese American Literature

Translocal Chinese East Asian Perspectives ◽

10.1163/24522015-01401004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 37-65

Author(s):

Hsin-Chin Hsieh

Keyword(s):

American Literature ◽

Generational Differences ◽

First Generation ◽

The United States ◽

Global Scale ◽

Narrative Strategies ◽

Historical Representation ◽

Taiwan History ◽

Cultural Interventions ◽

Taiwanese American

Abstract This article investigates how Taiwanese American writers represent Taiwan history in literary works with a focus on a female perspective as a way of reconstructing identities and repositioning Taiwan on a global scale. With the case studies of the first-generation Taiwanese American writer Joyce Huang’s Yangmei Trilogy (2001–2005) and the multiethnic second-generation writer Shawna Yang Ryan’s Green Island (2016), this article employs Shu-mei Shih’s “relational comparison” as a theoretical approach to analyze generational differences and transformative identities in these novels and argues that these authors’ writings on Taiwan history in the United States embody the transnational connection between the homeland and the host state. More importantly, by adopting similar historical materials and distinct narrative strategies, these novels demonstrate the involved multifaceted political meanings and cultural interventions by situating Taiwan in the related national, transnational and world histories and in doing so connect and compare Taiwan with other parts of the world.

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Moving Toward a Third Generation of Medical Education

Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-7706-6.ch053 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 926-939

Author(s):

Wendy M. Green

Keyword(s):

Medical Education ◽

First Generation ◽

Health Professions ◽

The United States ◽

Health Professions Education ◽

Third Generation ◽

Education Programs ◽

The Third ◽

Transformative Approach ◽

Issue Health

The number of health professions education programs continues to increase across the United States and globally, but unequal access to healthcare remains a pressing issue. Health professions education has shifted from a first-generation approach, centered on didactic teaching, to a second-generation approach, centered on problem-based learning. In a Lancet paper, Frenk and colleagues argued for the incorporation of a transformative paradigm within health professions education facilitating the move towards the third generation of health professions education. Drawing on Mezirow and Freire, they argued for the incorporation of a transformative paradigm to improve health professions education by better aligning medical education and population needs. This chapter examines how a transformative approach to health professions education could be implemented and where it would be most effective. It also looks at how a transformative paradigm within health professions education could provide an additional lens to understand health disparities, structural inequity, and diversity.

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Liutex and Third Generation of Vortex Identification

10.1115/fedsm2021-66169 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yifei Yu ◽

Charles Nottage ◽

Oscar Alvarez ◽

Chaoqun Liu

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Rotation Axis ◽

Third Generation ◽

Vortex Identification ◽

Identification Methods ◽

Two Generations ◽

Definition Of ◽

Rotation Strength ◽

Better Than

Abstract Scientists developed many vortex identification methods and Liu classified the traditional vortex identification methods into two generations. Vorticity and vorticity-based methods belong to the first generation while eigenvalues-based methods are considered as the second generation, such as Q criterion and λci method. However, although these methods are widely used, there is still room for improvements. People used to consider direction of vorticity is the swirling axis and the magnitude of it is the rotation strength, but the predictions by vorticity does not match the experiment very well which drove scientists to develop the second-generation methods. All the second-generation methods are scalar-valued and as a result they are unable to locate the swirling. Another problem is even though second-generation methods can predict vortex better than vorticity, they are more or less contaminated by shear. To solve these problems, Liu innovated Liutex recently. Liutex is a vector quantity whose direction represents rotation axis and whose magnitude represents rotation strength. Firstly, the physical essence of rotation axis is provided coming with the mathematical definition of swirling axis which is the direction of Liutex. Secondly, orthogonal transformations are used to find out the rigid rotation speed and that speed is defined as the strength of Liutex. Wang later proposed an explicit formula to calculate Liutex strength without doing orthogonal transformations which makes it much easier to apply Liutex method. Some theories dependent on Liutex concept have been proposed these years. Liutex core lines represent the core of vortex which can uniquely and clearly show vortex structure. Principal coordinate is a special coordinate in which it is easy to decompose the velocity gradient tensor into rotation, shear and stretching parts correctly. And principal decomposition is the decomposition in principal coordinate. The Liutex theory system is gradually formed and they are considered as the third generation by Liu.

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Analyzing Educational Achievement Differences between Second-Generation Immigrants: Comparing Germany and German-Speaking Switzerland

German Economic Review ◽

10.1111/geer.12062 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 61-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Johannes S. Kunz

Keyword(s):

Test Score ◽

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Educational Achievement ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Score Distribution ◽

First Generation Immigrants ◽

Second Generation Immigrants ◽

German Speaking ◽

The Impact

Abstract In this study, I provide evidence that the educational achievement of second- generation immigrants in German-speaking Switzerland is greater than in Germany. The impact of the first-generation immigrants’ destination decision on their offspring’s educational achievement seems to be much more important than has been recognized by the existing literature. I identify the test score gap between these students that cannot be explained by differences in individual and family characteristics. Moreover, I show how this gap evolves over the test score distribution and how the least favorably endowed students fare. My results suggest that the educational system of Switzerland, relative to the German system, enhances the performance of immigrants’ children substantially. This disparity is largest when conditioning on the language spoken at home, and prevails even when comparing only students whose parents migrated from the same country of origin.

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