Vive la différence? Intergenerational Mobility in France and the United States during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Bourdieu ◽  
Joseph P. Ferrie ◽  
Lionel Kesztenbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Europe Today

Although rates of intergenerational mobility are the same in the United States and Europe today, attitudes toward redistribution, which should reflect those rates—at least in part—differ substantially. An examination of the differences in mobility between the United States and France since the middle of the nineteenth century, based on data for both countries that permit a comparison between the socioeconomic status of fathers and that of sons throughout a period of thirty years, demonstrates that the United States was a considerably more mobile economy in the past, though such differences are far from apparent today.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Mobility in the United States: What We Have Learned from the PSID

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhashkar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Advanced Economies

This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. The PSID enables researchers to track individuals as they form new households and covers many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the life cycle, making the data ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. Studies have used PSID data to show that the United States is among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. The PSID has been instrumental to understanding various dimensions of intergenerational mobility, including occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences by gender, race, and region. Studies using the PSID have also cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence.

History of Testing in the United States: PK–12 Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 683 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris A. Vinovskis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
K 12

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.

Intergenerational Occupational Mobility across Three Continents

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Pérez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Nineteenth Century United States

I compare rates of intergenerational occupational mobility across four countries in the late nineteenth century: 1869–1895 Argentina, 1850–1880 United States, 1851–1881 Britain, and 1865–1900 Norway. Argentina and the United States had similar levels of intergenerational mobility, and these levels were above those of Britain and Norway. These findings suggest that the higher mobility of nineteenth-century United States relative to Britain might not have been a reflection of “American exceptionalism,” but rather a manifestation of more widespread differences between settler economies of the New World and Europe.

Physics Textbooks and Textbook Physics in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Simon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Science Education ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of Physics ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
German States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This article focuses on physics textbooks and textbook physics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with particular emphasis on developments in France, Germany, Britain, and the United States. It first examines the role that physics textbooks played in the early stages of the professionalization of the history of science before presenting a general overview of the genesis of textbook physics in the nineteenth century. It also looks at major textbooks produced in France and the German states while making some reference to British and American textbooks. Finally, it considers recent scholarship dealing with textbooks in the history of physics. The article shows how our views on textbooks have been shaped by events that have established particular hierarchies between scientific research and science education, and between universities and schools. It argues that the study of textbooks would benefit from greater reflexivity.

The United States Is No Longer a Land of Upward Mobility and Opportunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Mark Robert Rank ◽  
Lawrence M. Eppard ◽  
Heather E. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
American Dream ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Better Than

Chapter 16 explores the extent of economic mobility in the United States compared with other industrialized countries. The amount of relative intergenerational mobility as measured by the intergenerational elasticity statistic is lower in the United States than in most other OECD countries. Furthermore, the extent to which adult children are earning more than their parents has been declining over the past 50 years. The American dream of each generation doing economically better than the previous generation is becoming harder to achieve. We are a society in which the rungs on the ladder of opportunity have grown further apart, resulting in greater numbers of Americans struggling and falling further behind.

A Little Reverse Missions: In Search of a Global Perspective in Worship

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
C. Michael Hawn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Century ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Church

Throughout history the church has often been slow to recognize developments in the sciences and reorder its thinking about God's creation accordingly. The church in the northern world is now facing the reality that Christians in the southern hemisphere outnumber them two to one. The seeds of the gospel planted during the great mission movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have taken hold and Christianity is flourishing in many places in the south. Are Christians in the northern hemisphere ready to receive the gifts of worshiping communities through song and prayer from their southern sisters and brothers? Given the patterns of immigration to the United States, this is not an academic proposal but a reality of the twenty-first century. Congregations in the current century will need a global perspective in local communities. We dare not be as slow to respond to this reality as the church has been to scientific discoveries in the past. This article offers strategies for reciprocal mission mindedness in our worship.

Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Chetty ◽  
Nathaniel Hendren ◽  
Patrick Kline ◽  
Emmanuel Saez ◽  
Nicholas Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percentile Rank ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
New Evidence

We present new evidence on trends in intergenerational mobility in the United States using administrative earnings records. We find that percentile rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility have remained extremely stable for the 1971-1993 birth cohorts. For children born between 1971 and 1986, we measure intergenerational mobility based on the correlation between parent and child income percentile ranks. For more recent cohorts, we measure mobility as the correlation between a child's probability of attending college and her parents' income rank. We also calculate transition probabilities, such as a child's chances of reaching the top quintile of the income distribution starting from the bottom quintile. Based on all of these measures, we find that children entering the labor market today have the same chances of moving up in the income distribution (relative to their parents) as children born in the 1970s. However, because inequality has risen, the consequences of the “birth lottery” - the parents to whom a child is born - are larger today than in the past.

Fitness for Criminal Adjudication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Bonnie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This chapter addresses the emerging significance of decisional competence in the United States. The practice of assessing and adjudicating fitness to plead developed largely without assistance from the United States Supreme Court or other appellate courts for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, the need for appellate guidance became evident in the 1980s, especially regarding the significance of mental or emotional conditions that can impair capacity for rational decision making without impairing the defendant’s capacity to understand the proceedings and communicate coherently with counsel. During the past twenty-five years, some governing principles have come into view, but important issues remain unsolved. The chapter then evaluates the current state of the law in the United States, focusing on two recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court, and offers some suggestions for future development.

Idol Pursuits: Artifacts and Authority after the Civil War

Relic Hunters ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Snead
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Cave Wall

A particularly baroque literary appearance of the Kentucky Mummy highlights the transformation of public perceptions of indigenous antiquities in the United States in the Civil War decade. An imaginary romance of Mammoth Cave, Legends of the South (Smith 1869), describes a mysterious, annual journey of a “venerable Indian” down into the cavern. Ultimately the old man disappears into its depths, never to return. Decades later the author pursues the subterranean trail, encountering marvels that include the warning Siste viator—“Stop, traveler”— chalked on the cave wall. Nearby he finds the deceased elder, reduced to a “mummy-like dessication” clad in deerskin. Armed with an amulet taken from the body he pushes onward, ultimately entering a vast sepulcher in which . . . lay the warrior tribe, in their panoply complete. Supine—with their hands crossed upon their breasts, with their faces turned upward, as if acknowledging the presence of a superior being, they lay, like the marble effigies of the knights of old upon their sarcophagi. . . . In this catacomb the author is haunted by a ghostly “Sachem” who chides: “Are you not satisfied that your cruel warfare has exterminated us from the surface of the earth? Must you follow us to these chambers of death to scatter our ashes?” The supernatural figure then describes the wars of his dead people, prophesying that those events would be repeated in post-Civil War United States. “Nations from the rising sun shall make war upon the conquerors,” he pronounces “and then shall the Southern panther rise from his lair, and avenge his wrongs.” This subterranean tale amplified the myriad accounts of the Kentucky Mummy—a discovery two generations in the past by that time. By the mid-nineteenth century such visions of indigenous antiquity were increasingly commonplace, but the linkage between these histories and current events indicate increasingly deep associations with the American landscape. It was not simply abstract indigenous history that was being co-opted, however, but the material legacy of that experience—the ruins and artifacts that were ubiquitous in the increasingly populated countryside.

Free Expression and Wartime: Lessons from the Past, Hopes for the Future

1992 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Persian Gulf War ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

The recent Persian Gulf War raised once again issues of censorship, news manipulation by government sources, unwillingness to tolerate dissent at home, and the conviction that only political conservatives combine to limit First Amendment rights during wartime. An examination of eighteenth and nineteenth century wars shows that the problems are as old as the United States itself. An understanding of the background of such such controversies may be useful in preparing a defense for First Amendment rights in future conflicts.

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