Implicit and Explicit Conceptual Memory Following Frontal Lobe Damage

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia B. Gershberg
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Conceptual Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Normal Performance

In two experiments, the performance of patients with frontal lobe lesions was examined on implicit and explicit tests of conceptual memory for organized lists of words. Frontal patients exhibited normal levels of conceptual priming on implicit category production and free association tests, but they exhibited impaired memory performance on explicit category- and associate-cued recall tests. The findings of normal performance on implicit conceptual tests suggest that frontal patients do not have a basic deficit in semantic processing of individual items. Impaired performance on explicit cued recall tests may be related to deficits in the use of organizational encoding and strategic retrieval processes.

Implicit Memory Performance of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Brief Review

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Jelicic ◽  
Annette E. Bonebakker ◽  
Benno Bonke
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Conscious Recollection ◽  
Previous Learning ◽  
Normal Performance

Memory can be assessed with either explicit or implicit tasks. Implicit memory tasks, in contrast with explicit tasks, do not refer to conscious recollection of a previous learning experience. Implicit memory is revealed by a change in task performance that can be attributed to previous learning. Amnesic patients perform poorly on explicit memory tasks, but exhibit normal performance on implicit tasks. Recently, researchers have studied the implicit memory performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This article aims to give an overview of the performance of Alzheimer patients on four tasks of implicit memory. Compared with normal elderly controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease seem to demonstrate impaired performance on conceptual, but not on perceptual, implicit memory tasks. This dissociation could yield important information about the neurologic systems subserving implicit memory processes. Some suggestions for future research into the implicit memory of Alzheimer patients are given.

Word-Type Effects in Word-Stem Priming: Evidence for Semantic Processing in the Perceptual Representation System?

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Eileen L. Cooley ◽  
Anthony Y. Stringer
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Word Type ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Representation System ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

While a presemantic Perceptual Representation System is believed to mediate implicit memory tasks such as word-stem priming, clinical studies suggest semantic information can be processed during priming. To clarify the nature of this system, we investigated word-type effects in word-stem priming in a nonclinical sample of 41 undergraduates who rated the pleasantness of threatening and non threatening words, performed implicit and explicit memory tasks, and completed measures of mood state. More nonthreatening words were primed and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were negatively correlated with production of nonthreatening words. During cued recall, more threatening than nonthreatening words were remembered and ratings of state anxiety were negatively correlated with recall of nonthreatening words. Our findings support the contention that semantic information is processed during priming and that mood congruent biases also operate. These results may call for a reconceptualization of the Perceptual Representation System.

Direct and indirect memory performance in patients with senile dementia

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. Partridge ◽  
Robert G. Knight ◽  
Michael Feehan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Word Completion ◽  
Normal Performance ◽  
Senile Dementia Of The

SYNOPSISThe performance of patients with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type was compared to that of a group of normal elderly on several memory and neuropsychological tasks. The patients were impaired on tasks of free and cued recall, but exhibited normal performance on a word-completion procedure similar to that used by Graf et al. (1984). Reasons for the discrepancy between these findings and those from related research which reports impairment of word completion in patients with Alzheimer's Disease are discussed. Of particular interest is the role the orientating task plays in word-completion performance.

Aging II

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 189-216
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Chapter 8 focuses on empirical studies of age-related differences in memory performance. In accordance with the concepts of environmental support and self-initiated activities it is shown that age decrements are greater in cued recall than in recognition, also that cued recall is more resource-demanding than recognition. A further study found that age-related deficits were reduced by the use of semantically related materials but that older adults showed greater dual-task costs, especially at the time of retrieval. Age-related impairments were reduced by the use of pictorial materials as opposed to words; and reinstatement of the encoding context at retrieval was particularly helpful to older adults. A study carried out in California showed how individual differences in verbal intelligence and in daily activity levels modified the pattern of findings. The point that older adults have difficulty retrieving highly specific information is discussed and illustrated. Experiments are described that investigate memory for the source of learned information, and for age differences in prospective memory; younger adults outperformed their older counterparts in both situations. Finally, some interesting patterns of age differences in performance of implicit and explicit memory tasks are described and discussed.

scholarly journals Individual differences in experienced and observational decision-making illuminate interactions between reinforcement learning and declarative memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Batel Yifrah ◽  
Ayelet Ramaty ◽  
Genela Morris ◽  
Avi Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Reinforcement Learning Models ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

AbstractDecision making can be shaped both by trial-and-error experiences and by memory of unique contextual information. Moreover, these types of information can be acquired either by means of active experience or by observing others behave in similar situations. The interactions between reinforcement learning parameters that inform decision updating and memory formation of declarative information in experienced and observational learning settings are, however, unknown. In the current study, participants took part in a probabilistic decision-making task involving situations that either yielded similar outcomes to those of an observed player or opposed them. By fitting alternative reinforcement learning models to each subject, we discerned participants who learned similarly from experience and observation from those who assigned different weights to learning signals from these two sources. Participants who assigned different weights to their own experience versus those of others displayed enhanced memory performance as well as subjective memory strength for episodes involving significant reward prospects. Conversely, memory performance of participants who did not prioritize their own experience over others did not seem to be influenced by reinforcement learning parameters. These findings demonstrate that interactions between implicit and explicit learning systems depend on the means by which individuals weigh relevant information conveyed via experience and observation.

Semantic monitoring of words with emotional connotation during fMRI: Contribution of anterior left frontal cortex

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Crosson ◽  
M. Allison Cato ◽  
Joseph R. Sadek ◽  
Didem Gökçay ◽  
Russell M. Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Left Frontal Lobe ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Semantic Attribute ◽  
Animal Names

AbstractPrevious studies showed that cortex in the anterior portions of the left frontal and temporal lobes participates in generating words with emotional connotations and processing pictures with emotional content. If these cortices process the semantic attribute of emotional connotation, they should be active whenever processing emotional connotation, without respect to modality of input or mode of output. Thus, we hypothesized that they would activate during monitoring of words with emotional connotations. Sixteen normal subjects performed semantic monitoring of words with emotional connotations, animal names, and implement names during fMRI. Cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe demonstrated significant activity for monitoring words with emotional connotations compared to monitoring tone sequences, animal names, or implement names. Together, the current and previous results implicate cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe in semantic processing of emotional connotation, consistent with connections of this cortex to paralimbic association areas. Current findings also indicate that neural substrates for processing emotional connotation are independent of substrates for processing the categories of living and nonliving things.

scholarly journals Emotion-Involved Semantic Processing and L2 Vocabulary Memory: A Micro-Level Emotion Manifesto

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Yu Kanazawa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Foreign Language Anxiety ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
L2 Vocabulary

Emotion is a pervasive phenomenon whose pivotal impacts on cognition have been proposed and increasingly acknowledged (e.g., operator effect and “(de-)energizing” effect; cf. Ciompi & Panksepp, 2005; Damasio, 2003; LeDoux, 2012). In accordance with this, second language acquisition (SLA) studies have recently seen an “affective turn” (Pavlenko, 2013) and several theories have been proposed and studies conducted concerning the effect of affect in SLA from such perspectives as motivation (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2011), foreign language anxiety/enjoyment (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2016), Directed Motivational Currents (Dörnyei, Henry, & Muir, 2016), and emotional intelligence (Gregersen & MacIntyre, 2017; Kanazawa, 2016b). The purpose of the experiments was to examine whether emotion-involved semantic processing (EmInvSemProc) results in better incidental L2 memory performance compared to other types of semantic processing (viz., a lexical decision task [LDT] for Experiment A and an imageability judgment task [IJT] for Experiment B).

scholarly journals Encapsulation of Implicit and Explicit Memory in Sequence Learning

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Reber ◽  
Larry R. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Training Sequence ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Explicit Test ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Serial Reaction ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Contrasts between implicit and explicit knowledge in the serial reaction time (SRT) paradigm have been challenged because they have depended on a single dissociation: intact implicit knowledge in the absence of corresponding explicit knowledge. In the SRT task, subjects respond with a corresponding keypress to a cue that appears in one of four locations. The cue follows a repeating sequence of locations, and subjects can exhibit knowledge of the repeating sequence through increasingly rapid performance (an implicit test) or by being able to recognize the sequence (an explicit test). In our study, amnesic patients were given extensive SRT training. Their implicit and explicit test performance was compared to the performance of control subjects who memorized the training sequence. Compared with control subjects, amnesic patients exhibited superior performance on the implicit task and impaired performance on the explicit task. This crossover interaction suggests that implicit and explicit knowledge of the embedded sequence are separate and encapsulated and that they presumably depend on different brain systems.

scholarly journals Memory disturbances in Children with Epilepsy: Frontal Lobe Epilepsy, Childhood Absence Epilepsy, and Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N S Ahmed ◽  
M A Nada ◽  
H H E Afeefy ◽  
E M R Abdellah
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Absence Epilepsy ◽  
Frontal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Childhood Absence Epilepsy

Abstract Objectives We aimed to compare and characterize the memory function of children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) for early diagnosis, better management and good quality of life Subjects and Methods Memory was examined in 40 children with epilepsy ,aged 8-16. Results Children with FLE showed significant deficits in verbal and visual memory. In addition, type of epilepsy, earlier age at epilepsy onset, and longer active duration of epilepsy were associated with memory problems. Seizure frequency and treatment, however, did not influence memory performance. This study indicates that children with FLE show greater risk of developing memory deficits than children with CAE or BECTS Conclusion Memory disturbances are more common in epileptic children, affecting their school achievement and hence their quality of life in a negative manner and may be linked to a higher incidence of behavioral changes

scholarly journals Triple Dissociation in the Medial Temporal Lobes: Recollection, Familiarity, and Novelty

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1902-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Daselaar ◽  
M. S. Fleck ◽  
R. Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Individual Trial ◽  
Memory Signals ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Left Parietal Cortex

Memory for past events may be based on retrieval accompanied by specific contextual details (recollection) or on the feeling that an item is old (familiarity) or new (novelty) in the absence of contextual details. There are indications that recollection, familiarity, and novelty involve different medial temporal lobe subregions, but available evidence is scarce and inconclusive. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we isolated retrieval-related activity associated with recollection, familiarity, and novelty by distinguishing between linear and nonlinear oldness functions derived from recognition confidence levels. Within the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), we found a triple dissociation among the posterior half of the hippocampus, which was associated with recollection, the posterior parahippocampal gyrus, which was associated with familiarity, and anterior half of the hippocampus and rhinal regions, which were associated with novelty. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses based on individual trial activity showed that all three memory signals, i.e., recollection, familiarity, and novelty, make significant and independent contributions to recognition memory performance. Finally, functional dissociations among recollection, familiarity, and novelty were also found in posterior midline, left parietal cortex, and prefrontal cortex regions. This is the first study to reveal a triple dissociation within the MTL associated with distinct retrieval processes. This finding has direct implications for current memory models.

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