Task Context and Frontal Lobe Activation in the Stroop Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Floden ◽  
Antonino Vallesi ◽  
Donald T. Stuss
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

The ability to step outside a routine—to select a new response over a habitual one—is a cardinal function of the frontal lobes. A large body of neuroimaging work now exists pointing to increased activation within the anterior cingulate when stimuli evoke competing responses (incongruent trials) relative to when responses converge (congruent trials). However, lesion evidence that the ACC is necessary in this situation is inconsistent. We hypothesized that this may be a consequence of different task procedures (context) used in lesion and neuroimaging studies. The present study attempted to reconcile the lesion and the fMRI findings by having subjects perform clinical and experimental versions of the Stroop task during BOLD fMRI acquisition. We examined the relationship of brain activation patterns, specifically within the anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral frontal regions, to congruent and incongruent trial types in different task presentations or contexts. The results confirmed our hypothesis that ACC activity is relatively specific to unblocked–uncued incongruent Stroop conditions that have not been used in large neuropsychological studies. Moreover, the size of the behavioral Stroop interference effect was significantly correlated with activity in ACC and left dorsolateral regions, although in different directions. The current results are discussed in terms of previous proposals for the functional roles of these regions in activating, monitoring, and task setting, and the relation of these findings to the disparate reports in recent case series is considered.

scholarly journals The effects of age and task context on Stroop task performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Mutter ◽  
Jenniffer C. Naylor ◽  
Emily R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Task Context ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals Vitreous Incarceration in Patients Undergoing Second 20-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Recurrent Retinal Detachment

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxin Zheng ◽  
Haotian Lin ◽  
Wen Liu ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Suying Huang
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Detachment ◽  
Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Surgical Microscope ◽  
Second Surgery ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grade Iii

Purpose. To observe and classify vitreous incarcerations in patients undergoing second 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for recurrent retinal detachment. Methods. Retrospective noncomparative consecutive case series. Eighty-two consecutive patients with recurrent retinal detachment were included. The previous sclerotomy sites were examined by our sclera depression method and the vitreous incarceration were classified into Grade 0–IV by their severity under surgical microscope before second surgery. The relationship of vitreous incarceration and different ports was statistically investigated in our included patients. Results. Vitreous incarceration in the previous sclerotomy sites were found frequently. Vitreous cutter sites were most involved, but the infusion pipe sites were the least. According to our classification and definition, Grade III and IV of vitreous incarceration in all the three different sclerotomy sites accounted for 32.5%. Grade II of vitreous incarceration consisted of 12.6%. Grade 0 and I in all the three different sclerotomy sites were 54.8%. The frequency of all grades of vitreous incarceration in light port or vitreous cutter port was significant higher than that in infusion port. Conclusions. Vitreous incarceration in light port and vitreous cutter port are found more common than in infusion port for 20-gauge PPV with our new method.

scholarly journals Pneumomediastinum complicating COVID-19: a case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Henrique Bastos Damous ◽  
Jones Pessoa dos Santos Junior ◽  
Álvaro Vicente Alvarez Pezzano ◽  
Mohamad Abdul Majid Chams ◽  
Nathaly Haritov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Orotracheal Intubation ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parenchymal Disease ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of COVID-19 pneumonia, which may or may not be associated with invasive ventilatory support. Therefore, the report and findings associated with its evolution can be of great contribution in the management of this unknown disease. Case presentation Here, we present a series of four patients with severe pneumomediastinum requiring intensive care unit. These patients developed pneumomediastinum before or during orotracheal intubation (OTI) or without OTI. The four patients were three men and one woman with a mean age of 60.5 years (48–74 years). No patients had a known history of lung disease or traumatic events, except for one patient who had a history of smoking, but who was without parenchymal disease. All intubations were performed without complications. No cases of pneumomediastinum occurred after tracheostomy, and none of the patients had tomographic or bronchoscopic evidence of tracheal injury. Although the pneumomediastinum observed in our cases was apparently not related to a violation of the aerodigestive track, this complication was associated with a worse prognosis. Conclusion Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of COVID-19 pneumonia, and the most likely etiopathogenesis is severe pulmonary involvement, which may or may not be associated with invasive ventilatory support. Future studies with a greater number of cases should elucidate the relationship of pneumomediastinum to a probable prognostic factor.

Depression, Affect and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S7) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Lindenmayer ◽  
Stanley R. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Affect States ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of depression with affect deficit in schizophrenic patients continues to challenge both the clinician and the researcher. Often there is considerable difficulty in differentiating these two affect states in a reliable and valid fashion. On the observational level, depressed affect often appears somewhat restricted, having lost the full range of the euthymic state. On a subjective level, schizophrenic patients often complain of anhedonia, a defect in pleasure capacity which is shared by patients who are depressed. On the prognostic level, there is a large body of literature that links depressive features in acute schizophrenics to favourable subsequent course (Astrup & Noreik, 1966; Vaillant, 1964). We were, therefore, interested in investigating the relationship of depression with impaired affect and with positive/negative symptoms in young acute schizophrenic patients. We used a systematic multidimensional study of affect impairment among 37 young acute schizophrenic patients in a prospective, longitudinal approach over a 2-year span. In addition to a detailed assessment of the affect profile, including depression, both at baseline and on follow-up, we rated patients clinically for a positive and negative syndrome as well as general psychopathology, and we conducted premorbid and outcome measurements.

scholarly journals Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'s, The Visible Hand after Twenty Years

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. John
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business History ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
Visible Hand ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two decades have passed since the publication of The Visible Hand, Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'s, magisterial account of the rise of the modern business enterprise in the United States. Although Chandlers pathbreaking work has been widely hailed as a landmark in business history, only rarely has anyone considered systematically its influence on the large body of historical scholarship on related topics. This essay is intended to help fill this gap. It is divided into two sections. The first section reviews Chandlers argument, touches on the relationship of Chandlers oeuvre to his personal background, and locates The Visible Hand in the context of American historical writing. The second considers how three groups of historians have responded to Chandlers ideas. These groups consist of champions who creatively elaborated on Chandler's intellectual agenda; critics who probed anomalies between Chandler's argument and their own research; and skeptics who rejected Chandlers analysis outright.

scholarly journals Abnormal brain activation in excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: Evidence from an executive planning fMRI study

2016 ◽  
Vol 208 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Odlaug ◽  
Adam Hampshire ◽  
Samuel R. Chamberlain ◽  
Jon E. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Skin Picking ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Skin Picking Disorder ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Excessive Grooming ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundExcoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition whose neurobiological basis is unknown.AimsTo probe the function of fronto-striatal circuitry in SPD.MethodEighteen participants with SPD and 15 matched healthy controls undertook an executive planning task (Tower of London) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Activation during planning was compared between groups using region of interest and whole-brain permutation cluster approaches.ResultsThe SPD group exhibited significant functional underactivation in a cluster encompassing bilateral dorsal striatum (maximal in right caudate), bilateral anterior cingulate and right medial frontal regions. These abnormalities were, for the most part, outside the dorsal planning network typically activated by executive planning tasks.ConclusionsAbnormalities of neural regions involved in habit formation, action monitoring and inhibition appear involved in the pathophysiology of SPD. Implications exist for understanding the basis of excessive grooming and the relationship of SPD with putative obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.

scholarly journals Religious Belief and Cognitive Conflict Sensitivity: A Preregistered fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Hoogeveen ◽  
Lukas Snoek ◽  
Michiel van Elk
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Standardized Measures ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Informational Conflict ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Activity

AbstractIn the current preregistered fMRI study, we investigated the relationship between religiosity and behavioral and neural mechanisms of conflict processing, as a conceptual replication of the study by Inzlicht et al. (2009). Participants (N = 193) performed a gender-Stroop task and afterwards completed standardized measures to assess their religiosity. As expected, the task induced cognitive conflict at the behavioral level and at a neural level this was reflected in increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, individual differences in religiosity were not related to performance on the Stroop task as measured in accuracy and interference effects, nor to neural markers of response conflict (correct responses vs. errors) or informational conflict (congruent vs. incongruent stimuli). Overall, we obtained moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypotheses that religiosity is unrelated to cognitive conflict sensitivity. We discuss the implications for the neuroscience of religion and emphasize the importance of designing studies that more directly implicate religious concepts and behaviors in an ecologically valid manner.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP OF TYPE OF CEREBRAL PALSY WITH THE ETIOLOGY

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
BUSHRA NAZIR ◽  
Muhammad Shamoon ◽  
Saifullah Sheikh ◽  
HINA AYESHA ◽  
Muhammad Tariq Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Paediatric Department ◽  
Spastic Quadriplegia ◽  
Spastic Hemiplegia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mixed Types

Objectives: To determine the relationship of etiology with the type ofcerebral palsy in children. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Setting: Department of Paediatrics, Allied Hospital,Faisalabad. Period: From January 2002 to December 2004. Patients and Methods: 120 children from 1-12 years ofage of either sex who presented in Paediatric Department with abnormalities of tone, posture and movement andsubsequently diagnosed as cerebral palsy on the basis of history, physical examination and investigations, wereincluded. Results: Out of 120 cases the majority had spastic CP, 72% (n = 86) such as quadriplegic, diplegic andhemiplegic types. The spastic quadriplegia was mainly associated with birth asphyxia and meningoencephalitis.Prematurity and low birth weight were the major contributors towards diplegic CP, while spastic hemiplegia althoughless common was caused by meningoencephalitis in 5 cases and intra cranial bleed and asphyxia in 3 cases each.Atonic or hypotonic CP found in 23 cases, were caused by meningoencephalitis, kernicterus, birth asphyxia andprematurity. 10 cases of atonic CP did not have any reason (hence idiopathic). Athetoid CP was mainly due tokernicterus, meningoencephalitis and asphyxia. Ataxic and mixed types of CP were present in 3 cases each and weredue to meningoencephalitis and birth asphyxia.

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