Movement in Aesthetic Experiences: What We Can Learn from Parkinson's Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Stacey Humphries ◽  
Jacqueline Rick ◽  
Daniel Weintraub ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Jackson Pollock ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Aesthetic

Abstract Visual art offers cognitive neuroscience an opportunity to study how subjective value is constructed from representations supported by multiple neural systems. A surprising finding in aesthetic judgment research is the functional activation of motor areas in response to static, abstract stimuli, like paintings, which has been hypothesized to reflect embodied simulations of artists' painting movements, or preparatory approach–avoidance responses to liked and disliked artworks. However, whether this motor involvement functionally contributes to aesthetic appreciation has not been addressed. Here, we examined the aesthetic experiences of patients with motor dysfunction. Forty-three people with Parkinson's disease and 40 controls made motion and aesthetics judgments of high-motion Jackson Pollock paintings and low-motion Piet Mondrian paintings. People with Parkinson's disease demonstrated stable and internally consistent preferences for abstract art, but their perception of movement in the paintings was significantly lower than controls in both conditions. The patients also demonstrated enhanced preferences for high-motion art and an altered relationship between motion and aesthetic appreciation. Our results do not accord well with a straightforward embodied simulation account of aesthetic experiences, because artworks that did not include visual traces of the artist's actions were still experienced as lower in motion by Parkinson's patients. We suggest that the motor system may be involved in integrating low-level visual features to form abstract representations of movement rather than simulations of specific bodily actions. Overall, we find support for hypotheses linking motor responses and aesthetic appreciation and show that altered neural functioning changes the way art is perceived and valued.

scholarly journals Aesthetics in motion: The beauty of action paintings as revealed by Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Humphries ◽  
Jacqueline Rick ◽  
Daniel Weintraub ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Aesthetic

Visual art offers cognitive neuroscience an opportunity to study how subjective value is constructed from representations supported by multiple neural systems. A surprising finding in research on aesthetic judgment is that functional activation of motor areas of the brain often occurs in response to static, abstract stimuli, such as paintings. This motor activity has variously been hypothesised to reflect the embodied simulation of an artist’s painting movements or emotions, as well as possible preparatory approach-avoidance responses to liked and disliked artworks. However, whether this motor involvement functionally contributes to aesthetic appreciation has not been addressed. Here, we examined whether motor system dysfunction alters the aesthetic experiences of patients with Parkinson’s disease. 43 people with Parkinson’s disease and 40 controls made preference decisions and rated the motion content and their aesthetic appreciation of a set of high-motion action paintings (by Jackson Pollock) and a set of low-motion neoplastic paintings (by Piet Mondrian). People with Parkinson’s disease demonstrated stable and internally consistent preferences for abstract art, but their perception of movement in the paintings was significantly lower in both conditions than that of controls. In addition, people with Parkinson’s demonstrated enhanced preferences for high-motion art, and a fundamentally altered relationship between motion and aesthetic appreciation. Our results do not accord well with a straightforward embodied simulation account of aesthetic experiences, because artworks that did not include visual traces of the artist’s actions were still experienced as lower in motion by Parkinson’s patients. We suggest that the ability to form movement representations from static abstract images is more akin to a process of visual metaphor comprehension that is mediated through the motor system. Overall, we find support for hypotheses linking motion, motor responses and aesthetic appreciation, and provide clear evidence that altered neural functioning changes the way art is perceived and valued.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s Disease Motor Symptom Progression Slowed with Multisensory Dance Learning over 3-Years: A Preliminary Longitudinal Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Karolina A. Bearss ◽  
Joseph F. X. DeSouza
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Motor Symptom ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Symptom Progression

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that has a fast progression of motor dysfunction within the first 5 years of diagnosis, showing an annual motor rate of decline of the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) between 5.2 and 8.9 points. We aimed to determine both motor and non-motor PD symptom progression while participating in dance classes once per week over a period of three years. Longitudinal data was assessed for a total of 32 people with PD using MDS-UPDRS scores. Daily motor rate of decline was zero (slope = 0.000146) in PD-Dancers, indicating no motor impairment, whereas the PD-Reference group showed the expected motor decline across three years (p < 0.01). Similarly, non-motor aspects of daily living, motor experiences of daily living, and motor complications showed no significant decline. A significant group (PD-Dancers and PD-Reference) by days interaction showed that PD who train once per week have less motor impairment (M = 18.75) than PD-References who do not train (M = 24.61) over time (p < 0.05). Training is effective at slowing both motor and non-motor PD symptoms over three years as shown in decreased scores of the MDS-UPDRS.

Constipation is Associated with Development of Cognitive Impairment in de novo Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Analysis of Two International Cohorts

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Valentina Leta ◽  
Daniele Urso ◽  
Lucia Batzu ◽  
Daniel Weintraub ◽  
Nataliya Titova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

Background: Constipation is regarded as one of the prodromal features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and there is emerging evidence linking gastrointestinal dysfunction and cognitive impairment (CI) in PD. Objective: We explored whether constipation is associated with development of CI in two independent cohorts of de novo PD patients (n = 196 from the Non-motor International Longitudinal Study [NILS] and n = 423 from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative [PPMI] study). Methods: Constipation was clinically defined using the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) item-21 [NILS] and Scales for Outcomes in PD-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) item-5 [PPMI]. We assessed baseline group differences (PD with or without constipation) in CI, global non-motor symptoms burden, motor dysfunction, and striatal dopaminergic denervation. Kaplan-Meier method estimated group differences in cumulative proportion of patients with incident CI over three years. In PPMI, we subsequently performed univariate and multivariate Cox survival analyses to evaluate whether constipation predicts incident mild cognitive impairment or dementia over a 6-year period, including constipation and other known predictors of CI as covariates. Results: Patients with constipation had greater motor and global non-motor burden in both cohorts at baseline (p <  0.05). Kaplan-Meier plots showed faster conversion to CI in patients with constipation in both cohorts (p <  0.05). In PPMI, 37 subjects developed dementia during a mean follow-up of 4.9 years, and constipation was an independent predictor of dementia onset (hazard ratio = 2.311; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Constipation in de novo PD patients is associated with development of cognitive decline and may serve as a clinical biomarker for identification of patients at risk for cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Prognostic predictors relevant to end-of-life palliative care in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-323939
Author(s):  
Umer Akbar ◽  
Robert Brett McQueen ◽  
Julienne Bemski ◽  
Julie Carter ◽  
Elizabeth R Goy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Hospice Referral ◽  
Survey Responses

Parkinson’s disease and related disorders (PDRD) are the second most common neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of death. However, patients with PDRD receive less end-of-life palliative care (hospice) than other illnesses, including other neurologic illnesses. Identification of predictors of PDRD mortality may aid in increasing appropriate and timely referrals. To systematically review the literature for causes of death and predictors of mortality in PDRD to provide guidance regarding hospice/end-of-life palliative care referrals. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL databases (1970–2020) of original quantitative research using patient-level, provider-level or caregiver-level data from medical records, administrative data or survey responses associated with mortality, prognosis or cause of death in PDRD. Findings were reviewed by an International Working Group on PD and Palliative Care supported by the Parkinson’s Foundation. Of 1183 research articles, 42 studies met our inclusion criteria. We found four main domains of factors associated with mortality in PDRD: (1) demographic and clinical markers (age, sex, body mass index and comorbid illnesses), (2) motor dysfunction and global disability, (3) falls and infections and (4) non-motor symptoms. We provide suggestions for consideration of timing of hospice/end-of-life palliative care referrals. Several clinical features of advancing disease may be useful in triggering end-of-life palliative/hospice referral. Prognostic studies focused on identifying when people with PDRD are nearing their final months of life are limited. There is further need for research in this area as well as policies that support need-based palliative care for the duration of PDRD.

On the use of information theory for detecting upper limb motor dysfunction: An application to Parkinson’s disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 390 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 4451-4458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elias de Oliveira ◽  
L.L. Menegaldo ◽  
P. Lucarelli ◽  
B.L.B. Andrade ◽  
P. Büchler
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Information Theory ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Motor Dysfunction

scholarly journals Slow Motion Analysis of Repetitive Tapping (SMART) Test: Measuring Bradykinesia in Recently Diagnosed Parkinson’s Disease and Idiopathic Anosmia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Cristina Simonet ◽  
Miquel A. Galmes ◽  
Christian Lambert ◽  
Richard N. Rees ◽  
Tahrina Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Prodromal Phase ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Stages

Background: Bradykinesia is the defining motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). There are limitations to its assessment using standard clinical rating scales, especially in the early stages of PD when a floor effect may be observed. Objective: To develop a quantitative method to track repetitive tapping movements and to compare people in the early stages of PD, healthy controls, and individuals with idiopathic anosmia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 99 participants (early-stage PD = 26, controls = 64, idiopathic anosmia = 9). For each participant, repetitive finger tapping was recorded over 20 seconds using a smartphone at 240 frames per second. From each video, amplitude between fingers, frequency (number of taps per second), and velocity (distance travelled per second) was extracted. Clinical assessment was based on the motor section of the MDS-UPDRS. Results: People in the early stage of PD performed the task with slower velocity (p <  0.001) and with greater frequency slope than controls (p = 0.003). The combination of reduced velocity and greater frequency slope obtained the best accuracy to separate early-stage PD from controls based on metric thresholds alone (AUC = 0.88). Individuals with anosmia exhibited slower velocity (p = 0.001) and smaller amplitude (p <  0.001) compared with controls. Conclusion: We present a simple, proof-of-concept method to detect early motor dysfunction in PD. Mean tap velocity appeared to be the best parameter to differentiate patients with PD from controls. Patients with anosmia also showed detectable differences in motor performance compared with controls which may suggest that some are in the prodromal phase of PD.

scholarly journals Peptide TFP5/TP5 derived from Cdk5 activator P35 provides neuroprotection in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 4478-4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK. Binukumar ◽  
Varsha Shukla ◽  
Niranjana D. Amin ◽  
Philip Grant ◽  
M. Bhaskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Dopamine Depletion ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, decreased striatal dopamine levels, and consequent extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Recent evidence indicates that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is inappropriately activated in several neurodegenerative conditions, including PD. To date, strategies to specifically inhibit Cdk5 hyperactivity have not been successful without affecting normal Cdk5 activity. Previously we reported that TFP5 peptide has neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease. Here we show that TFP5/TP5 selective inhibition of Cdk5/p25 hyperactivation in vivo and in vitro rescues nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP/MPP+) in a mouse model of PD. TP5 peptide treatment also blocked dopamine depletion in the striatum and improved gait dysfunction after MPTP administration. The neuroprotective effect of TFP5/TP5 peptide is also associated with marked reduction in neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Here we show selective inhibition of Cdk5/p25 ­hyperactivation by TFP5/TP5 peptide, which identifies the kinase as a potential therapeutic target to reduce neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.

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