The Grammar of PP-like Free Relatives: Evidence from Subordinate wo-Clauses in German

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bücking
Keyword(s):  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Free Relatives ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
General Constraints ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
Type Shifting

Abstract This paper addresses the grammar of PP-like free relatives (= PP-FRs) such as the locative clause in Bello schläft, wo Grace schläft ‘Bello is sleeping where Grace is sleeping’. The most prominent compositional analysis of PP-FRs is developed by Caponigro (2004), Caponigro and Pearl (2009), and Hall and Caponigro (2010). They derive PP-FRs from a stacked CP-structure that is based on silent prepositions and a nominal treatment of wh-words such as where. I first take issue with this analysis by means of a detailed discussion of subordinate clauses introduced by wo ‘where’ in German. Specifically, I show that wo-clauses do not involve silent prepositions, and that both wo and wo-clauses have a prepositional instead of a nominal nature. Second, I sketch a surface-oriented alternative approach to PP-FRs that dispenses with silent prepositions and assigns the prepositional nature of PP-like wh-words a key role in the derivation. Specifically, I propose that the fronting of PP-like wh-words in free relatives licenses an abstraction over predicates (instead of entities) and a corresponding type shifting. The new analysis is related to analyses of corresponding subordinate headed relative and interrogative clauses. Furthermore, it is confronted with potential general constraints on higher-order abstraction as argued for, in particular, by Poole (2017).

An Alternative Approach Towards the Higher Order Denoising of Images. Analytical Aspects

2017 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-441
Author(s):  
M. Bildhauer ◽  
M. Fuchs ◽  
J. Weickert
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Alternative Approach

scholarly journals Re-constraining massive pied-piping: An argument for non-interrogative CPs

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Interrogative Clauses

Unlike traditional wh-movement and obligatory pied-piping, massive pied-piping is restricted in the types of clauses in which it may occur. Heck (2004, 2008) argues that massive pied-piping constructions are restricted to non-subordinate clauses in English. This paper (i) investigates the availability of massive pied-piping of DPs in complements of know and surprise-type predicates; (ii) proposes a revised generalization on massive pied-piping that restricts the construction to non-interrogative clauses; and (iii) proposes a hybrid analysis that combines Cable's (2010) Q-movement analysis with Den Dikken's (2003) two-stage wh-movement operation, thus accounting for the wider set of environments covered by the revised generalization on massive pied-piping in English.

scholarly journals Triviality and grammatical cor­rectess: contemporary issues in intensional semantics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Vostrikova ◽  
◽  
Petr S. Kusliy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Propositional Attitude ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Embedded Questions ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Attitude Verbs ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
Key Aspects

The article is devoted to the study of the semantics of embedded questions (interrogative subordinate clauses), as well as the nature of restrictions on the licensing of declarative and interrogative clauses as complements of propositional attitude verbs. The authors show that this topic goes back to the key aspects of the semantic and cognitive program of G. Frege and is of key importance for the philosophy of language. Using the analytical apparatus of contemporary semantics, the authors investigate this topic on the material of the most recent theoretical works. They show how the semantics of embedded questions contributes to the development of a new perspective on the structure of meaning and the cognitive potential of natural language users. The authors also identify a number of theoretical shortcomings and empirical limitations of several theories of the semantics of embedded questions and point at some directions for future research.

The Constituent Order ofHwæt-Clauses in Old English Prose

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Anna Cichosz
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Regular Variation ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Free Relatives ◽  
Lives Of Saints ◽  
English Prose ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Constituent Order

The aim of the present study is to conduct a comprehensive corpus analysis of the constituent order of main declarative clauses with the interjectionhwæt‘what’ in the clause-initial position in Old English prose texts. On the basis of his analysis of Ælfric'sLives of Saintsand Bede'sHistoria Ecclesiastica, Walkden (2013) claims that suchhwæt-clauses pattern with subordinate clauses with respect to their verb position. My study confirms Walkden's basic empirical findings thathwæt-clauses do not behave like typical main clauses as far as their constituent order is concerned. However, there are numerous differences between them and subordinate clauses introduced byhwæt, that is, free relatives and embedded questions. The analysis suggests that the conditions favoring the use of the V-final order in mainhwæt-clauses resemble the ones identified for ordinary V-final main clauses in Bech 2012. What is more, the study shows that the functional differences betweenhwæt-andhwæt þa-clauses noted in Brinton 1996 are blurred in Old English prose because of a regular variation betweenhwæt þa-S andhwæt-S-þapatterns. The data also suggest thatþainhwæt þa-clauses should rather be analyzed as an independent clause element.

LOOKING FOR CHAOS.

1996 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 485-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARRY DANKOWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Melnikov Method ◽  
Homoclinic Orbits ◽  
Melnikov Function ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Analysis ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Calculation ◽  
Alternative Approach

This paper derives an alternative approach to the Melnikov method, which greatly reduces the amount of algebra involved in higher-order calculations. To illustrate this, a particular system is studied for which such a higher-order analysis is necessary, due to an identically vanishing first-order Melnikov function. The results of a second-order calculation imply the existence of transverse homoclinic orbits and, consequently, the existence of a horseshoe.

scholarly journals Electrochemistry at single bimetallic nanoparticles – using nano impacts for sizing and compositional analysis of individual AgAu alloy nanoparticles

2016 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
En Ning Saw ◽  
Viktoria Grasmik ◽  
Christian Rurainsky ◽  
Matthias Epple ◽  
Kristina Tschulik
Keyword(s):  
Bimetallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Alloy Nanoparticles ◽  
Bimetallic Alloy ◽  
Single Nanoparticle ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Modern Technologies

The increasing interest in producing bimetallic nanoparticles and utilizing them in modern technologies sets the demand for fast and affordable characterization of these materials. To date Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is usually used to determine the size and composition of alloy nanoparticles, which is time-consuming and expensive. Here electrochemical single nanoparticle analysis is presented as an alternative approach to infer the particle size and composition of alloy nanoparticles, directly in a dispersion of these particles. As a proof of concept, 14 nm sized Ag0.73Au0.27 alloy nanoparticles are analyzed using a combination of chronoamperometric single nanoparticle analysis and cyclic voltammetry ensemble studies. It is demonstrated that the size, the alloying and the composition can all be inferred using this approach. Thus, the electrochemical characterization of single bimetallic alloy nanoparticles is suggested here as a powerful and convenient complement or alternative to TEM characterization of alloy nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Coordinating questions: The scope puzzle

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks ◽  
Floris Roelofsen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Constraints ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
The One ◽  
Exhaustive Interpretation

This paper introduces a new puzzle concerning the interaction between questions on the one hand, and conjunction and disjunction on the other. It shows that a conjunction of two polar interrogative clauses is interpreted so that each conjunct involves a polar question operator and the conjunction takes scope over these, whereas a disjunction of two polar interrogative clauses can only be interpreted as involving a single polar question operator scoping over the disjunction. In other words, two full-fledged polar questions each including their own question operator can be conjoined, but cannot be disjoined. We argue that the source of this contrast is semantic (rather than syntactic, pragmatic, or other), and we formulate two general constraints on question meanings which can each account for it. The first, based on Fox (2018), requires that the resolutions of a question are related in a particular way to the cells of the partition that the question induces on the context set. The second requires that the exhaustive interpretation of a consistent resolution of the question is never inconsistent. We leave open which of these two constraints is to be preferred.

scholarly journals HIGHER-ORDER EPISTEMIC ATTITUDES AND INTELLECTUAL HUMILITY

Episteme ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Doxastic Attitude ◽  
Epistemology Of Disagreement ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Epistemic Attitudes ◽  
Doxastic Attitudes ◽  
Necessary Connections ◽  
Proper Response

AbstractThis paper concerns would-be necessary connections between doxastic attitudes about the epistemic statuses of your doxastic attitudes, or ‘higher-order epistemic attitudes’, and the epistemic statuses of those doxastic attitudes. I will argue that, in some situations, it can be reasonable for a person to believe p and to suspend judgment about whether believing p is reasonable for her. This will set the stage for an account of the virtue of intellectual humility, on which humility is a matter of your higher-order epistemic attitudes. Recent discussions in the epistemology of disagreement have assumed that the question of the proper response to disagreement about p concerns whether you ought to change your doxastic attitude towards p. My conclusion here suggests an alternative approach, on which the question of the proper response to disagreement about p concerns the proper doxastic attitude to adopt concerning the epistemic status of your doxastic attitude towards p.

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