scholarly journals Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Òscar Jordà ◽  
Sanjay R. Singh ◽  
Alan M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Precautionary Savings ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Model ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Neoclassical Growth

Abstract What are the medium- to long-term effects of pandemics? Do they differ from other economic disasters? We study major pandemics using rates of return on assets stretching back to the 14th century. Significant macroeconomic after-effects of pandemics persist for decades, with rates of return substantially depressed. The responses are in stark contrast to what happens after wars. Our findings also accord with wage and output responses, using more limited data, and are consistent with the neoclassical growth model: capital is destroyed in wars, but not in pandemics; pandemics instead may induce more labor scarcity and/or more precautionary savings.

scholarly journals Distribution and Abundance of Double-crested Cormorants Nesting in the Interior of California, 2009–2012

Western Birds ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-292
Author(s):  
W. David Shuford ◽  
Kathy C. Molina ◽  
John P. Kelly ◽  
T. Emiko Condeso ◽  
Daniel S. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
The State ◽  
Salton Sea ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Large Fluctuations

As part of an 11-state inventory, we censused the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the interior of California from 2009 to 2012, using a combination of aerial, ground, and boat surveys. An estimated 8791 pairs breeding in the interior of the state in 2009–2012 exceeded the 7170 pairs estimated in 1998–1999. In both periods, cormorants were breeding in 9 of 11 ecoregions, but three-fourths were at one site—Mullet Island at the Salton Sea in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion (abandoned in 2014). The ecoregions with the next highest proportions were the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and Modoc Plateau. The apparent increase in numbers and colony sites since 1999—consistent with the pattern through much of western North America—reflects the (short-lived) increase in numbers at the Salton Sea, an increasing number of colonies and breeding pairs in the Central Valley, and slightly better coverage on the recent surveys. Because of practical survey constraints and limited data to date, evidence of change in numbers of Doublecrested Cormorants breeding in the interior of California between 1998–1999 and 2009–2012 is inconclusive. Plans for monitoring will need to take into account the effects of substantial annual variation in numbers, which may be associated with large fluctuations in cormorants’ prey base, short-term cycles of drought and flood, shifts of nesting cormorants into or out of the interior of California, and the expectation of greater environmental fluctuations with continuing climate change. The factors most likely to limit the number of cormorants breeding in the interior of the state are habitat loss or alteration (particularly from reallocation of water for human needs), disease, human disturbance, and the long-term effects of climate change.

Acute physical activity and sports injuries in children

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorine C.M. Collard ◽  
Evert A.L.M. Verhagen ◽  
Marijke J.M. Chin A Paw ◽  
Willem van Mechelen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Prevention Model ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Short And Long Term

An increase in the physical activity of individuals has many health benefits, but a drawback of an increase in physical activity is the risk of related injuries. To reduce the short- and long-term effects in terms of social and economic consequences, prevention of physical activity injuries is an important challenge. A sequence of prevention model has been proposed that aims to prevent physical activity injuries in different steps. The model includes (i) identification of the problem in terms of incidence and severity of physical activity injuries, (ii) identification of the risk factors and injury mechanisms that play a role in the occurrence of physical activity injuries, (iii) introduction of measures that are likely to reduce the future risk and (or) severity of physical activity injuries, and (iv) evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures by conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This review describes what is currently known about all of the various aspects of the sequence of prevention in children (steps i–iv).

scholarly journals Human Health Consequences of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Heshmati
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Fetus And Neonate

Daily use of chemicals is an essential part of modern life. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a heterogeneous group of exogenous chemicals or chemical mixtures that interfere with the action of hormones and consequently cause adverse effects to humans and wildlife. The number of EDCs has markedly increased over the past 60 years. Humans are constantly exposed to hundreds of EDCs mainly through air, water, and food. Exposure to EDCs (in utero or lifetime) may be a significant component of the environmental origin of several medical conditions. The developing fetus and neonate are more sensitive than adults to perturbation by EDCs. The prenatal damage can cause adverse consequences later in life (developmental origins of adult disease). In many cases, the damage is irreversible. There is also a possibility of transgenerational effects. By interfering with hormonal functions, EDCs can contribute to a variety of dysfunctions and diseases including obesity, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and cancers. Information on long-term effects of chronic, low-dose exposure to EDCs is relatively limited. EDCs represent a global threat for human health and cause a high cost for the society. Promoting public knowledge and initiating preventive measures will help minimizing the health and economic consequences of EDCs for future generations.

scholarly journals A framework for the socio-economic evaluation of rearing systems of dairy calves with or without cow contact

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Ute Knierim ◽  
Dagmar Wicklow ◽  
Silvia Ivemeyer ◽  
Detlev Möller
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Full Cost ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Farm Market ◽  
Calf Rearing

AbstractInterest in dairy calf rearing systems with cow-calf contact during the milk feeding period is increasing among farmers, advisors and researchers, but socio-economic consequences have only scarcely been investigated yet. In this research reflection we develop a suggestion for a socio-economic methodical framework that is suitable for the wide variation of cow calf rearing systems, farm, market and societal conditions. Based on a literature based, system-theoretical structuring of involved elements, and on full cost accounting in an exemplary case study concerning two model farms, we itemize monetary factors, and additionally important non-monetary factors, that should be included in a socio-economic evaluation. This process also revealed further research needs. We propose as a next research step to gather a greater number of real farm data including different rearing systems and to perform individual full cost accountings, in order to identify input and output patterns on this basis. This might not only help to provide a robust basis for economic decision making, but also help to fill research gaps concerning long-term effects of calf rearing with cow contact. In addition, ways should be explored on how to take non-monetary effects into account.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND AFTER-EFFECTS OF TREATMENT OF DUODENAL ULCER WITH METIAMIDE

The Lancet ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 309 (8015) ◽  
pp. 765-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H.B. Saunders ◽  
K.G. Wormsley
Keyword(s):  
Duodenal Ulcer ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
After Effects

scholarly journals Socio-economic consequences of protectionism for the Ukrainian economy (the end of 19th – the beginning of 20th centuries)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Tetiana Bodnarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Protection Policy ◽  
State Paternalism ◽  
Active Implementation

The article dwells upon the coverage of the issues of the influence of government policy of protectionism on the economic development and public socialization of the Ukrainian lands in end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. Some long-term effects of the state paternalism for the domestic large-scale industry, small-scale manufacturing, agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade, etc. are revealed. The main reasons of ineffectiveness of the domestic capitalist economy, generated by the active implementation of protection policy, are substantiated.

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