FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CLIMATE SECURITY MANAGEMENT

In the 21st century, climate change is becoming a key constraint on the sustainable development of industries, regions, countries, and the world community as a whole. Climate risk management therefore requires increased financial support, both to compensate for the damage caused by hydrometeorological hazards and to implement policies to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to changes. The article examines the main sources of financing for climate security management in Russia and foreign countries. Their positive aspects and problems of practical use have been identified. Each financial instrument is considered from the point of view of regulatory influence on subjects of market economy and climate risks. It has been shown that a number of elements of fiscal policy used on an ongoing basis or as an experiment in Russia require refinement or replacement. Practical recommendations for improving the situation are proposed, including the use of innovative tools for our country (climate innovation bank, weather and temperature options, etc.). The author's recommendations are aimed at changing the vector of climate regulation from state paternalism to the application of entrepreneurial initiative by creating effective market incentives. The result will be not only a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and energy intensity of the economy, but also an increase in profitability and competitiveness, the investment attractiveness of organizations, territorial entities, the country, as well as an increase in the employment and well-being of the population and national wealth of the Russian Federation.

The law on psychoactive substances in New Zealand: The end of the regulatory game of cat and mouse

<p>This paper considers the recent global concern of psychoactive substance use alongside New Zealand’s corresponding endeavour to regulate such substances under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013. It establishes that psychoactive substances pose a risk of harm to individual consumers and to society in general. In light of this risk, it considers whether such harm justifies state intervention, whereby the autonomy of individuals would be limited for the safety of those individuals and the benefit of society. The theories of legal and political philosophers, including Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, are considered to determine the philosophical basis for such regulation. This paper finds that such state paternalism, as found in the Psychoactive Substances Act, is justified. Having concluded that the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 was insufficient to minimise the risk of harm caused by such substances, it argues in favour of the regulatory scheme established under the Psychoactive Substances Act. It concludes that the Psychoactive Substances Act is a revolutionary and innovative measure that will successfully minimise the harm caused, to individuals and society in general, by such substances.</p>

The law on psychoactive substances in New Zealand: The end of the regulatory game of cat and mouse

<p>This paper considers the recent global concern of psychoactive substance use alongside New Zealand’s corresponding endeavour to regulate such substances under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013. It establishes that psychoactive substances pose a risk of harm to individual consumers and to society in general. In light of this risk, it considers whether such harm justifies state intervention, whereby the autonomy of individuals would be limited for the safety of those individuals and the benefit of society. The theories of legal and political philosophers, including Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, are considered to determine the philosophical basis for such regulation. This paper finds that such state paternalism, as found in the Psychoactive Substances Act, is justified. Having concluded that the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 was insufficient to minimise the risk of harm caused by such substances, it argues in favour of the regulatory scheme established under the Psychoactive Substances Act. It concludes that the Psychoactive Substances Act is a revolutionary and innovative measure that will successfully minimise the harm caused, to individuals and society in general, by such substances.</p>

如何看待政府在疫病中的干預？自由至上主義的道德困境

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 在「自由至上主義」(Libertarianism)的政治哲學詞典中，「政府干預」(state interference)或「政府父權主義」(state paternalism)基本上是一個貶義詞，因為政府意味著官僚、腐敗、無效率，意味著對公民個體自由的干預和限制。然而，自2020年以來在全球範圍內爆發和流行的新冠疫情，讓一貫反政府干預、堅持「小政府」原則的自由至上派的學者倍受挑戰。 面對疫情的肆虐，許多人認為政府的干預（如封城、鎖國、宵禁、隔離、邊控等措施的實行）是必要的。本文探討自由至上主義的自由觀在疫病中所面臨的道德兩難以及政府應在公共衛生管理中扮演的角色。作者指出，雖然自由至上主義的一些有關自由的理念在現實生活中顯得過於教條和不切實際，但從另一個角度看，當我們一再倒向政府的力量以抗擊疫情之時， 我們更需要自由至上主義對我們的提醒，以防政府利用疫情不斷擴大自身的權力範圍，最終傷害每個人的自由權利。 For Libertarians, state interference or state paternalism has a pejorative meaning given that government often implies bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficiency. However, such a view has faced significant resistance since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. For the sake of public health, many people now believe that we must accept much greater governmental intervention in our lives and that it is morally permissible and necessary to have public policies such as lockdowns, mandatory social distancing, border restrictions, and mandatory vaccination. Is it true that “there are no libertarians in a pandemic”? This paper explores the role of the government and the meaning of individual liberty in the face of the current public health crisis. The author contends that the Libertarian views of civil liberty and self-ownership should be taken more seriously as the government obtains more power and a host of extraordinary interventions are being implemented during the pandemic.

State Paternalism: from Science to Scientometrics

The article presents the results of the study of public opinion in the context of science reforming. The adoption of the Law on the Russian Academy of Sciences has in fact liquidated academic freedoms and consolidated state interference into scientific life by simultaneously escalating the use of Scientometrics. Respondents' assessments of the use of Scientometric indicators and journal rankings indicate that most economists do not trust the Scientometric tools. Based on the results of a sociological survey of the community of economists in 2020, the article concludes that there is a "managerial failure" of the paternalistic state. An analysis of the Scientometric indicators used in Scopus is also presented, including three well-known metrics: CiteScore", SNIP, and SCImago (SJR). In addition to the description of the sample of journals and the scale of monitoring, the author presents the criterion of ranking the journals MWR and the algorithm of its definition in comparison with the SJR indicator in Scopus. The final part of the paper discusses the econometric model based on the hypothesis that there are links between the ranking of journals, obtained on the basis of a sociological survey of economists, and the estimates of the "usefulness" of the introduction of relevant Scientometric indicators by the same respondents. The calculations performed have confirmed the formulated hypothesis and allowed to quantitatively measure the impact of the respondents' attitude to Scientometric indicators on the value of private ratings reflecting the Scientific level of the journal, the public prestige of the journal and Interest in the journal publications.

To a сomparative characteristics of national models of higher education organization

The article examines national models of higher education organization. The analysis is based on the higher education systems of the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, China and Russia. The authors proposed a number of criteria for differentiating the principles of organizing the higher education system in different countries: classifying higher education as private (satisfied on the basis of private effective consumer demand) or collective (patronized) benefits, organizing financing of the higher education system, barriers (filters) for students «at the entrance» and «at the exit», the degree of commercialization of the activities of universities, the role of the academic community. On the basis of the conducted research, ideal-typical models of the organization of higher education that exist in developed and rapidly developing countries are distinguished: the market for private services, state paternalism, the market for merit goods, the quasi-market and the hybrid model. It is concluded that the low level of funding and the total commercialization of the activities of state universities give rise to many problems of Russian higher education, first of all, such as the decline in the quality of educational services and the prestige of this education itself.

The Education System between Private Business and the State: The Antagonism and Synergies of Industrial and State Paternalism in the Vítkovice Company Town (1869–1914)

This article aims at analyzing, within the scope of industrial and state paternalism, the interdependent dynamics between employer (Witkowitzer Bergbau- und Eisenhüttengewerkschaft), employee, and the Austro-Hungarian state, taking as an example the development of the education system of the Vítkovice (Witkowitz) company town, located in Moravia, one of the crown lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. The opening point of our research is the year 1869, when the so-called Hasner school law was adopted. The closing point is February 1914, with its new intervention into educational policy in the crown land of Moravia.