Efficiency of the Baermann funnel technique as revealed by direct counts of pine wood nematodes in pine tissue

Nematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joung A Son ◽  
Yil-Sung Moon
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wood ◽  
Funnel Technique ◽  
Direct Counts ◽  
Baermann Funnel

A Modification of the Baermann Funnel Technique for the Collection of Nematodes from Plant Material

1954 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Staniland
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Watch Glass ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Funnel Technique ◽  
Baermann Funnel

The Baermann funnel technique is now well known to nematologists, but the modification here described was devised to facilitate the collection of large numbers of nematodes in a small volume of water with the minimum of plant debris present. The method has proved very satisfactory in obtaining nematodes for toxicity tests, for example, from “tulip-rooted” oats infested with stem eelworm. It is often a lengthy procedure to remove nematodes from a relatively large bulk of water such as is contained in a full watch-glass, particularly if much fine plant debris is also present. By means of the modification described an almost “pure culture” of nematodes is obtained, the amount of water being very little greater in volume than the nematodes.The apparatus is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1:—The funnel, f, has resting in it a small metal sieve, s, which may easily be made by cutting off a section about ¾-in. deep from a piece of copper pipe of from 2½–8-in. diameter. Fine copper wire mesh, wm, is then soldered on to the bottom rim. This wire mesh need not be fine enough to retain all fragments of plant material, since a circle of fine bolting silk, bs, is laid within the sieve on top of the wire mesh, so that it fits exactly within the inside of the sieve. No bolting silk has yet been found which will retain living nematodes. The bolting silk, however, retains all plant material and is easily removed and cleaned.

scholarly journals Screening of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in high-risk patients in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Ashiri ◽  
Abdollah Rafiei ◽  
Molouk Beiromvand ◽  
Abdollah Khanzadeh ◽  
Arash Alghasi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Funnel Technique ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Baermann Funnel

Abstract Background Strongyloidiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), can be fatal in immunocompromised patients. Available data on Strongyloides stercoralis infection in high-risk patients in Iran are limited. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection and associated risk factors among high-risk patients as well as to evaluate the sensitivity of the diagnostic tests used in the diagnose of S. stercoralis infection. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed from 2019 to 2020 among 300 high-risk patients in Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. Patients with autoimmune diseases, uncontrolled diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplant, hematological malignancy, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined using direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration, Baermann funnel technique, agar plate culture, and ELISA test. Since agar plate culture was considered the reference diagnostic test, culture-positive samples were confirmed by PCR amplification and the sequencing of the nuclear 18S rDNA (SSU) hypervariable region (HVRIV) of the parasite. Results The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 1%, 1.3%, 2%, 2.7%, and 8.7% using direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration, Baermann funnel technique, agar plate culture, and ELISA test, respectively. All culture-positive samples were confirmed by SSU-PCR. According to the results, the most sensitive test was ELISA, with 100% sensitivity, followed by the Baermann funnel technique with the sensitivity of 75%. Direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration technique, and Baermann funnel technique had the highest PPV (100%) while the ELISA test had the highest NPV (100%). Significant eosinophilia was observed in the patients whose culture test was positive (7/8; P < 0.05). In the present study, the majority of the positive cases by the agar plate culture had a history of prolonged exposure to soil and of asthma and COPD and were > 60 years old. Conclusions Given that the ELISA test had the highest NPV, the screening of all high-risk patients for S. stercoralis infection in endemic areas is recommended prior to starting corticosteroid therapy with the ELISA test. The results indicate the importance of paying attention to patients with unknown eosinophilia in endemic areas. Ivermectin should be available to strongyloidiasis patients in the endemic areas.

scholarly journals Screening of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in High-Risk Patients in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Ashiri ◽  
Abdollah Rafiei ◽  
Molouk Beiromvand ◽  
Abdollah Khanzadeh ◽  
Arash Alghasi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Funnel Technique ◽  
Baermann Funnel

Abstract Background: Strongyloidiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), can be fatal in immunocompromised patients. Available data on Strongyloides stercoralis infection in high-risk patients in Iran; however, is limited. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection and associated risk factors among high-risk patients, as well as to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnostic tests used in the diagnose of S. stercoralis infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during 2019 to 2020 among 300 high-risk patients in Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. Patients with autoimmune diseases, uncontrolled diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplant, hematologic malignancy, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined using direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration, Baermann funnel technique, agar plate culture, and ELISA test. Culture-positive samples were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the nuclear 18S rDNA (SSU) hypervariable region (HVRIV) of the parasite.Results: The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 1%, 1.3%, 2%, 2.7%, and 8.7% using direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration, Baermann funnel technique, agar plate culture, and ELISA test, respectively. All culture-positive samples were confirmed by SSU-PCR. According to the results, the most sensitive test was ELISA, with 100% sensitivity, followed by Baermann funnel technique with sensitivity of 75%. Direct smear examination, formalin-ether concentration technique, and Baermann funnel technique had the highest PPV (100%), while ELISA test had the highest NPV (100%). Eosinophilia significantly was observed in patients whose culture test were positive (7/8; p= 0.001). Of these, 5 patients had a history of asthma and COPD. In the present study, the majority of the positive cases by the agar plate culture had a history of prolonged exposure to soil, history of asthma and COPD, and were over the ages of 60. In two cases, S. stercoralis larva was observed 6 months and 8 months after treatment with albendazole.Conclusions: Given that the ELISA test had the highest NPV, screening of all high-risk patients for S. stercoralis infection in endemic areas is recommended prior to starting corticosteroid therapy with ELISA test. Ivermectin should be available to the strongyloidiasis patients in the endemic areas.

A method for rearing Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) larvae on a modified artificial diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Barrington ◽  
D.P. Logan ◽  
P.G. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Sawn Timber

Burnt pine longhorn (BPL) Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) is an introduced species sometimes found in association with export logs and sawn timber A rearing method was developed to produce larvae of a known age number and quality for control trials Growth of larvae from newly hatched to 5 weeks was measured on a standard cerambycid artificial diet and on modified diets Replacing pine wood with pine bark sawdust increased survival at 5 weeks from 23 to 76 and mean weight from 9 to 21 mg There were significant interactions between the influences of three factors (diet period of rearing initial larval density) on the weight of surviving larvae Individual rearing was preferred for convenience and a standardised method was used to rear 8740 larvae for disinfestation trials Establishment and survival to 6 weeks for these larvae was 97

scholarly journals Symmetric Nature of Stress Distribution in the Elastic-Plastic Range of Pinus L. Pine Wood Samples Determined Experimentally and Using the Finite Element Method (FEM)

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Łukasz Warguła ◽  
Dominik Wojtkowiak ◽  
Mateusz Kukla ◽  
Krzysztof Talaśka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Plastic Deformations ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Elastic Plastic

This article presents the results of experimental research on the mechanical properties of pine wood (Pinus L. Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753). In the course of the research process, stress-strain curves were determined for cases of tensile, compression and shear of standardized shapes samples. The collected data set was used to determine several material constants such as: modulus of elasticity, shear modulus or yield point. The aim of the research was to determine the material properties necessary to develop the model used in the finite element analysis (FEM), which demonstrates the symmetrical nature of the stress distribution in the sample. This model will be used to analyze the process of grinding wood base materials in terms of the peak cutting force estimation and the tool geometry influence determination. The main purpose of the developed model will be to determine the maximum stress value necessary to estimate the destructive force for the tested wood sample. The tests were carried out for timber of around 8.74% and 19.9% moisture content (MC). Significant differences were found between the mechanical properties of wood depending on moisture content and the direction of the applied force depending on the arrangement of wood fibers. Unlike other studies in the literature, this one relates to all three stress states (tensile, compression and shear) in all significant directions (anatomical). To verify the usability of the determined mechanical parameters of wood, all three strength tests (tensile, compression and shear) were mapped in the FEM analysis. The accuracy of the model in determining the maximum destructive force of the material is equal to the average 8% (for tensile testing 14%, compression 2.5%, shear 6.5%), while the average coverage of the FEM characteristic with the results of the strength test in the field of elastic-plastic deformations with the adopted ±15% error overlap on average by about 77%. The analyses were performed in the ABAQUS/Standard 2020 program in the field of elastic-plastic deformations. Research with the use of numerical models after extension with a damage model will enable the design of energy-saving and durable grinding machines.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Joint Management of Pine Wood Waste and Residual Microalgae for Agricultural Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
José Guillermo Rosas ◽  
Natalia Gómez ◽  
Jorge Cara-Jiménez ◽  
Judith González-Arias ◽  
Miguel Ángel Olego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fraction ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Joint Management ◽  
Agricultural Application ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
By Products

This work addresses the joint management of residual microalgae and pine wood waste through pyrolysis to obtain a solid product for its use as soil amendment and two other by-products (liquid and gaseous) that can be used for energy purposes. Two management routes have been followed. The first route is through the co-pyrolysis of mixtures of both residual materials in several proportions and the later use of their solid fraction for soil amendment. The second route is the pyrolysis of pine wood waste and its direct combination with dried residual microalgae, also using it as soil amendment. The solid fraction assessment shows that from seven solid products (biochar) three stand out for their positive applicability in agriculture as soil amendment. In addition, they also present the benefit of serving as carbon sink, giving a negative balance of CO2 emissions. However, caution is suggested due to biochar applicability being subject to soil characteristics. To ensure the sustainability of the overall process, the energy available in liquid and gaseous fractions has been assessed for covering the drying needs of the residual microalgae in both cases. These results suggest that the pyrolysis process is a sustainable way to manage specific evaluated residues and their products.

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