Abstract
Background: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a worldwide destructive pest on Pinus trees and lacks effective control measures. Screening nematotoxic protein toxins has been conducted to develop new strategies for nematode control. Results: The present study provided initial insights into the responses of B. xylophilus exposed to a nematocidal cytolytic-like protein (CytCo) based on the transcriptome profiling. A large set of differentially expressed genes (1266 DEGs) were found related to nematode development, reproduction, metabolism, motion, and immune system. In response to the toxic protein, B. xylophilus upregulated DEGs encoding cuticle collagens, transporters, and cytochrome P450. In addition, many DEGs related to cell death, lipid metabolism, major sperm proteins, proteinases/peptidases, phosphatases, kinases, virulence factors, and transthyretin-like proteins were downregulated. And Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that CytCo treatment significantly affecting DEGs functioning in muscle contraction, lipid localization, MAPK cascade. The pathway richness of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that the DEGs were concentrated in lysosome and fatty acid degradation. The weight co-expression network analysis indicated that the hub genes affected by CytCo were associated with the nematode cuticular collagen. Conclusions: These results showed that the CytCo protein toxin could interference gene expression to produce multiple nematotoxic effects, providing initial insight into its control potential of pine wood nematode.
Larvicidal and Nematicidal Activities of 3-Acylbarbituric Acid Analogues against Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
