Influence of pesticides, soil temperature and moisture on entomopathogenic nematodes from southern Benin and control of underground termite nest populations

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1057-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugues Baimey ◽  
Lionel Zadji ◽  
Leonard Afouda ◽  
Maurice Moens ◽  
Wilfrida Decraemer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Macrotermes Bellicosus ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Termite Nest ◽  
Southern Benin ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The influence of three pesticides on the viability and infectivity of four Beninese isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis indica Ayogbe1, H. sonorensis Azohoue2, H. sonorensis Ze3, and Steinernema sp. Bembereke, was determined. The impact of both soil temperature and soil moisture on the virulence of these EPN to Trinervitermes occidentalis was investigated in laboratory assays. The effect of EPN-infected Galleria mellonella larvae on underground populations of Macrotermes bellicosus was also examined. All tested Heterorhabditis species were more tolerant to glyphosate and fipronil than the Steinernema species. Heterorhabditis sonorensis Azohoue2, showed the best results with 63.2% termite mortality at a soil temperature of 35°C. The increase of soil moisture to 20% (w/w) did not negatively influence the virulence of tested EPN. The underground populations of 71% or 60% treated nests were controlled by H. sonorensis Azohoue2- or H. indica Ayogbe1-infected G. mellonella larvae, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Radová ◽  
Zuzana Trnková
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Effect of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)This study investigated the impact of soil temperature and soil moisture on the virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae. The effects of temperatures of 10, 15 and 25 °C and humidity of 6% and 12.5% were tested against the larvae of Tenebrio molitor. The nematodes were tested in two concentrations of 50 nematodes and 500 nematodes per box. S. carpocapsae was generally significantly more efficient at the highest temperature (25 °C) than S. feltiae, especially at the lower concentration of 50 nematodes per box. S. feltiae recorded higher insect mortality at lower temperatures (15 °C and 10 °C). The virulence of both tested nematode species was low (0-26%) at 10 °C after 7 days, but in the case of S. feltiae increased to 66% after 14 days. The efficacy when tested with 6% moisture at 15 °C was low (4% for both nematode species) compared with 12.5% moisture, where after seven days it reached 54% for S. carpocapsae and 70% for S. feltiae, although generally, S. feltiae was more efficient under dry conditions than S. carpocapsae. Insect mortality inreased significantly after remoistening of the soil, especially with S. feltiae (500 nematodes per box) where mortality reached 46% two weeks after remoistening.

scholarly journals Earthworms are little affected by reduced soil tillage methods in vineyards

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faber Florian ◽  
Wachter Elisabeth ◽  
Zaller Johann G
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tillage Methods ◽  
Erosion Prevention

Inter-rows in vineyards are commonly tilled in order to control weeds and/or to conserve water. While impacts of tillage on earthworms are well studied in arable systems, very little is known from vineyards. In an experimental vineyard, the impact of four reduced tillage methods on earthworms was examined: rotary hoeing, rotary harrowing, grubbing and no tillage. According to an erosion prevention programme, tillage was applied every other inter-row only while alternating rows retained vegetated. Earthworms were extracted from the treated inter-rows 10, 36, 162 and 188 days after tillage. Across dates, tillage methods had no effect on overall earthworm densities or biomass. Considering each sampling date separately, earthworm densities were affected only at day 36 after tillage leading to lower densities under rotary hoeing (150.7 ± 42.5 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and no tillage (117.3 ± 24.8 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) than under rotary harrowing (340.0 ± 87.4 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and grubbing (242.7 ± 43.9 worms/m<sup>2</sup>). Time since tillage significantly increased earthworm densities or biomass, and affected soil moisture and temperature. Across sampling dates, earthworm densities correlated positively with soil moisture and negatively with soil temperature; individual earthworm mass increased with increasing time since tillage. It was concluded that reduced tillage in vineyards has little impact on earthworms when applied in spring under dry soil conditions.

Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Song ◽  
Xingyi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobing Liu ◽  
Yuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Song, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X. and Chen, Y. 2012. Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 537–542. Temperature and moisture are important factors affecting adsorption, transformation and the availability of soil phosphorus (P) to plants. The different temperatures and moisture contents at which soil is sampled might affect the results of soil test P (STP). In order to evaluate the effect of the temperature and moisture, as well as the fertilization level, on the results of soil test P, an incubation study involving three soil temperatures (5, 10, and 20°C), and three soil moisture contents (50, 70, 90% of field water-holding capacity) was conducted with Chinese Mollisols collected from four fertilization treatments in a long-term experiment in northeast China. Four soil P test methods, Mehlich 3, Morgan, Olsen and Bray 1 were used to determine STP after a 42-d incubation. The effect of temperature and moisture on STP varied among soil P tests. Averaged across the four fertilization treatments, the temperature had significant impact on STP, while the responses varied among soil P test methods. Mehlich 3, Morgan and Bray 1 STP decreased and Olsen STP increased with increase in temperature. Effect of soil moisture was only significant for Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P. Soil temperature had greater impact on STP than soil moisture content. The responses of the Olsen method to temperature differed from the other three methods tested. The interaction between soil temperature and soil moisture on soil test P was only significant for Mehlich 3 P. Fertilization level does not affect the STP in as a clear pattern as the temperature and moisture varied for all four methods. Consistent soil sampling conditions, especially the soil temperature, appear to be the first step to achieve a reliable STP for any soil P test.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Burial Depths on Carpogenic Germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1144-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Wu ◽  
K. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Extensive studies have been conducted on the carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but carpogenic germination in S. minor has not been studied adequately. It remains unclear why apothecia of this pathogen have seldom been observed in nature. In this study, a new method was developed to produce apothecia in the absence of soil or sand, and carpogenic germination without preconditioning was recorded for 95 of the 96 S. sclerotiorum isolates tested. Carpogenic germination of the two species was compared under a variety of temperature, soil moisture, burial depths, and short periods of high temperature and low soil moisture. The optimal temperatures for rapid germination and for maximum germination rates were both lower for S. minor than for S. sclerotiorum. The temperature range for carpogenic germination was also narrower for S. minor than for S. sclerotiorum. A 5-day period at 30°C, either starting on the 10th or 20th day of incubation, did not significantly affect carpogenic germination of S. sclerotiorum. For both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, the percentage of carpogenically germinated sclerotia increased as soil water potential increased from –0.3 to –0.01 MPa. In the greenhouse, a 10- or 20-day dry period completely arrested carpogenic germination of S. sclerotiorum, and new apothecia appeared after an interval of 35 days following rewetting, similar to the initial carpogenic germination regardless of when the dry period was imposed. In naturally infested fields, the number of sclerotia in 100 cc of soil decreased as depth increased from 0 to 10 cm before tillage, but became uniform between 0 and 10 cm after conventional tillage for both species. Most apothecia of S. minor were, however, produced from sclerotia located at a depth shallower than 0.5 cm while some apothecia of S. sclerotiorum were produced from sclerotia located as deep as 4 to 5 cm. These results provide the much needed information to assess the epidemiological roles of inoculum from sexual reproduction in diseases caused by the two Sclerotinia species in different geographical regions. However, more studies on effects of shorter and incompletely dry periods are still needed to predict production of apothecia of S. sclerotiorum in commercial fields under fluctuating soil temperature and moisture.

Effect of soil moisture and temperature on N2O and CO2 concentrations in soil irrigated with purified wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nosalewicz ◽  
Z. Stępniewska ◽  
A. Nosalewicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Abstract Flooded organic soils are potentially important sources of greenhouse gases. The effect of soil temperature and moisture on the concentration of N2O and CO2 at two depths of organic soil flooded with two doses of purified wastewater was studied. Nitrous oxide concentrations at the 10-30 cm depth range were generally increased with an increase in soil moisture, showing dependence on the aeration status of soil. The maximum values of N2O concentrations were higher at the 50-100 than 10-30 cm depth range, but a similar pattern of increasing maximum values of N2O concentration with an increasing input of nitrogen in treatments at both depth ranges was observed. The maximum concentrations of carbon dioxide within the 50-100 cm depth range remained at a similar level in all treatments reaching 7.1-7.7%, which indicated weak relations with the input of water and nitrogen at this depth range. We conclude that the N2O and CO2 concentrations at 10-30 cm depths in the examined organic soil flooded with 600mm year-1 of purified wastewater exhibited a similar level as the concentrations in soil watered only by precipitation.

scholarly journals Effect of Mulches on Soil Properties, Leaf Nutrient Status and Weed Growth of Pomegranate under Rainfed Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Bhawna Kaushal ◽  
D. D. Sharma ◽  
M. A. Kuchay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The present study entitled "Effect of mulches on soil properties, leaf nutrient status and weed growth of pomegranate under rainfed conditions" at the experimental farm of HR&TS and KVK Kandaghat at Jadari, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, during 2017-2018. The different mulches like Nylon mulch mat, Silver polyethylene mulch, Black polyethylene mulch, Red polyethylene mulch and Coir mulch mat, Grass mulch were used in this investigation. Results revealed that maximum soil temperature and moisture were recorded in black polyethylene mulch. Nylon mulch mat was found effective in controlling weed growth followed by silver polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch. Soil and leaf nutrient content were significantly higher found under grass mulch. The soil hydrothermal regimes were significantly higher under black polyethylene mulch. This provides better prevention of soil water evaporation and retaining soil moisture under rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals The Effects of Plastic Mulch Systems on Soil Temperature and Moisture in Central Ontario

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Snyder ◽  
Amanda Grant ◽  
Christopher Murray ◽  
Bryon Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Films ◽  
Mulch Films ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Canada Data ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The impact of polyolefin-based agricultural mulch films (including clear, black, and white-on-black films) on soil temperature and moisture content was studied, using a bare plot as a control, over a 4-month period in central Ontario, Canada. Data indicate a negative correlation between the change in soil temperature under the films relative to bare soil and the absolute value of bare soil temperature. Additionally, a negative correlation between the effect of films on soil moisture and the moisture level of bare soil was indicated. All mulch films demonstrated qualitatively similar ability to insulate the soil from extremes in both temperature and moisture, suggesting a potentially reduced need for irrigation and protecting against early frost, high temperatures, overwatering, and drought.

Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453a-453
Author(s):  
Liqin Wang ◽  
David M. Eissenstat ◽  
Dora E. Flores-Alva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Heated Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.

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