Acrobeloides varius sp. n. (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) from South Korea

Nematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeho Kim ◽  
Jiyeon Kim ◽  
Joong-Ki Park
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Molecular Barcode ◽  
Small Spike

A new Acrobeloides is described and illustrated from samples collected in rice farmland in South Korea. Acrobeloides varius sp. n. exhibits morphological characters of other acrobeloids, including a corpus with elongate spindle-like swelling and lateral incisures that extend to the tail end region. However, this new species is distinguished from other acrobeloids by having lateral incisures that change in number from one to five, three low rounded labial probolae, and a conical pointed tail end with a small spike-shaped mucron. In this study, a detailed morphological comparison of Acrobeloides species is provided, along with new molecular sequence data from the D2-D3 regions of LSU, SSU and partial mtDNA cox1 region from the new species, which can be used as molecular barcode sequences.

Two new genera and twelve new species of Graphidaceae from Puerto Rico: a case for higher endemism of lichenized fungi in islands of the Caribbean?

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL A. MERCADO-DÍAZ ◽  
ROBERT LÜCKING ◽  
SITTIPORN PARNMEN
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Biodiversity Knowledge ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
High Level

Two new genera and twelve new species of Graphidaceae are described from Puerto Rico. The two new genera, Borinquenotrema and Paratopeliopsis, are based on a combination of molecular sequence data and phenotype characters. Borinquenotrema, with the single new species B. soredicarpum, features rounded ascomata developing beneath and persistently covered with soralia and with an internal anatomy reminescent of Carbacanthographis; it is close to the  tribe Ocellularieae. Paratopeliopsis, including the single new species P. caraibica, resembles a miniature Topeliopsis but differs in the distinctly farinose thallus and the small, brown ascospores; it is not closely related to the latter genus but belongs in tribe Thelotremateae. The other ten new species belong in the genera Acanthotrema, Clandestinotrema, Compositrema, Fissurina, Ocellularia, and Thalloloma. Acanthotrema alboisidiatum is closely related to A. brasilianum but differs in the short, white isidia resembling insect eggs. Clandestinotrema portoricense has a unique ascospore type with a longitudinal septum only in the proximal cell. Compositrema borinquense resembles a species of Stegobolus but belongs in Compositrema based on sequence data, and is characterized by ascomata with a unique columella composed of thick, irregularly radiating strands. The second new species in this genus, C. isidiofarinosum, differs by its ecorticate, farinose thallus with scattered, corticate isidia and by its small ascomata with inconspicuous columella. The three new species of Fissurina all have 3-septate ascospores and are otherwise characterized by an isidiate thallus and stellate, orange-yellow lirellae (F. aurantiacostellata), a verrucose thallus strongly encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals and white, irregularly branched lirellae (F. crystallifera), and myriotremoid ascomata arranged in short lines (F. monilifera). Ocellularia portoricensis belongs in the core group of Ocellularia and differs from O. cavata in the white medulla and the larger ascospores becoming brown, whereas O. vulcanisorediata produces prominent soralia and immersed ascomata with apically carbonized excipulum and columella and small, transversely septate, hyaline ascospores; it is closely related to O. conformalis. Finally, Thalloloma rubromarginatum resembles T. haemographum in the brownish lirellae with bright red margin but differs from that and other species in the corticate thallus and the norstictic acid chemistry. The new combination Ampliotrema rimosum (Hale) Mercado-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen is also proposed. Considering the current biodiversity knowledge on this family, the high level of endemism observed in other groups of organisms in the island, and the relatively high number of Graphidaceae described, it is highly likely that at least some of these new taxa are endemic to the island. This view is further supported by the unique features of several of the new species, representing novel characters in the corresponding genera.

Living and fossil placentals

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Minor Characters ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Basal Group

The vast majority of living and fossil mammals are placentals. Today there are about 4,400 species, which are traditionally organised into 18 Orders, with an extra one if the Pinnipedia are separated from the Carnivora, and a twentieth if the recently extinct Malagasy order Bibymalagasia is recognised as such. There have been many attempts to discover supraordinal groupings from amongst these Orders based on morphological characters, though few proposals have been universally accepted. It is only with the advent of increasingly large sets of molecular sequence data in the last few years that a reasonably robust resolution looks imminent, although these contemporary analyses are remarkably and controversially at odds with the traditional ones. Novacek et al. (1988) summarised the then current situation regarding supraordinal classification of placentals, a time at which morphology was still dominant but molecular data was at the threshold of significance. They accepted a basal group Edentata that combined the Xenarthra of the New World with the Pholidota of the Old, based on a few cranial characters, loss of the anterior teeth, and reduction of the enamel of the remaining ones. This left the rest of the living placentals as a monophyletic group Epitheria, sharing such apparently minor characters as the shape of the stapes bone in the ear. They found very little resolution within the Epitheria, and concluded that there was a polychotomy of no less than nine lineages arranged as a ‘star’ phylogeny. No remnant of the previously recognised taxon Ferungulata, created by Simpson (1945) for the Carnivora plus the ungulate orders Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Sirenia, and Tubulidentata remained. On the other hand, three supra ordinal taxa of earlier authors did survive. One was Gregory’s (1910) Archonta, consisting of generally conservative forms and by now composed of the Primates, Dermoptera, Scandentia, and Chiroptera, but excluding the Lipotyphla. The second was Glires, originating with Linnaeus (1758) and widely accepted ever since, for the Rodentia and Lagomorpha; Novacek et al. (1988) tentatively placed the Macroscelidea as the sister-group of the Glires. The third supraordinal taxon recognised was, like Glires, well-established if not universally accepted.

Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process in evolution, but with a secondary role for morphology?

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2984 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEANDRO C. S. ASSIS ◽  
MARCELO R. DE CARVALHO ◽  
QUENTIN D. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Flow Chart ◽  
Molecular Topology ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Secondary Role ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework

David Wake and colleagues provided a thought-provoking review of the concept of homoplasy through the integration, within a phylogenetic framework, of genetic and developmental data (Wake et al. 2011). According to them (p. 1032) “Molecular sequence data have greatly increased our ability to identify homoplastic traits.” This is made clear, for example, in their flow chart for homoplasy detection (Figure 2, p. 1034), wherein homoplasy is discovered through the mapping of “traits of interest” onto a phylogram, a practice common in the molecular phylogenetic paradigm. The “mapping” is usually of morphological characters that are employed to support the chosen (molecular) topology, but which, as a consequence, do not themselves contribute to the formation of those topologies (Assis & Carvalho 2010).

Contribution to the taxonomy of Sistotremastrum (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota) and the description of two new species, S. fibrillosum and S. aculeocrepitans

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 379 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
GÉRALD GRUHN ◽  
PABLO ALVARADO ◽  
NILS HALLENBERG ◽  
MÉLANIE ROY ◽  
RÉGIS COURTECUISSE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
French West Indies ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
French Guyana

Two new species of Sistotremastrum collected in French West Indies and French Guyana are described and illustrated. Morphological studies and molecular sequence data from two ribosomal DNA regions (ITS and 28S rDNA) support the recognition of S. fibrillosum and S. aculeocrepitans, two species characterized by their hyphal cords and basidia with 4 sterigmata.

Molecular phylogenetics of snailfishes (Cottoidei: Liparidae) based on MtDNA and RADseq genomic analyses, with comments on selected morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4642 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES WILDER ORR ◽  
INGRID SPIES ◽  
DUANE E. STEVENSON ◽  
GARY C. LONGO ◽  
YOSHIAKI KAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Gene Coi

Phylogenetic relationships of snailfishes of the family Liparidae were analyzed on the basis of two sets of molecular sequence data: one from the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) and another from restriction-site associated genome-wide sequences (RADseq). The analysis of COI sequence data from at least 122 species of 18 genera from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern oceans resulted in a moderately well-resolved phylogeny among the major clades, albeit with significant polytomy among central clades. Nectoliparis was the sister of all other members of the family, followed by Liparis. Liparis, Careproctus, and Paraliparis were paraphyletic. Liparis was recovered in two closely related clades, with L. fucensis sister of all other liparids except Nectoliparis, and both Careproctus and Paraliparis were each recovered among at least three widely separated clades. The RADseq analysis of 26 species of 11 genera from the eastern North Pacific strongly confirmed the overall results of the COI analysis, with the exception of the paraphyly of Liparis due to the absence of L. fucensis. Our results show that the pelvic disc has been independently lost multiple times and the pectoral-fin girdle has been independently reduced in multiple lineages. 

A new species of Rochefortia (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) from the Lesser Antilles

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMONA-ELENA IRIMIA ◽  
Marc Gottschling
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
South American ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Botanical Illustration ◽  
A New Species

Taxonomic diversity of Neotropical Rochefortia is not completely assessed at present. We report the existence of a new species: Rochefortia barloventensis sp. nov., distributed across multiple islands of the Lesser Antilles. We provide a morphological description, a molecular diagnosis and a botanical illustration. Specimens belonging to the new species were previously assigned to Caribbean R. cuneata or to South American R. spinosa because of morphological similarity. Molecular sequence data shows a clear delimitation of the new species from all other species of Rochefortia justifying the recognition of a novel taxon.

scholarly journals Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Bieler ◽  
Paula M. Mikkelsen ◽  
Timothy M. Collins ◽  
Emily A. Glover ◽  
Vanessa L. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Encoding Genes

To re-evaluate the relationships of the major bivalve lineages, we amassed detailed morpho-anatomical, ultrastructural and molecular sequence data for a targeted selection of exemplar bivalves spanning the phylogenetic diversity of the class. We included molecular data for 103 bivalve species (up to five markers) and also analysed a subset of taxa with four additional nuclear protein-encoding genes. Novel as well as historically employed morphological characters were explored, and we systematically disassembled widely used descriptors such as gill and stomach ‘types’. Phylogenetic analyses, conducted using parsimony direct optimisation and probabilistic methods on static alignments (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of the molecular data, both alone and in combination with morphological characters, offer a robust test of bivalve relationships. A calibrated phylogeny also provided insights into the tempo of bivalve evolution. Finally, an analysis of the informativeness of morphological characters showed that sperm ultrastructure characters are among the best morphological features to diagnose bivalve clades, followed by characters of the shell, including its microstructure. Our study found support for monophyly of most broadly recognised higher bivalve taxa, although support was not uniform for Protobranchia. However, monophyly of the bivalves with protobranchiate gills was the best-supported hypothesis with incremental morphological and/or molecular sequence data. Autobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Heteroconchia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Euheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia new clade ( = Euheterodonta excluding Anomalodesmata) were recovered across analyses, irrespective of data treatment or analytical framework. Another clade supported by our analyses but not formally recognised in the literature includes Palaeoheterodonta and Archiheterodonta, which emerged under multiple analytical conditions. The origin and diversification of each of these major clades is Cambrian or Ordovician, except for Archiheterodonta, which diverged from Palaeoheterodonta during the Cambrian, but diversified during the Mesozoic. Although the radiation of some lineages was shifted towards the Palaeozoic (Pteriomorphia, Anomalodesmata), or presented a gap between origin and diversification (Archiheterodonta, Unionida), Imparidentia showed steady diversification through the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Finally, a classification system with six major monophyletic lineages is proposed to comprise modern Bivalvia: Protobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia.

Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4671 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-368
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE WATSON ◽  
EKIN TILIC ◽  
GREG W. ROUSE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence

The formerly monotypic taxon, Hyalopale bispinosa Perkins 1985 (Chrysopetalinae), is comprised of a cryptic species complex from predominantly tropical embayments and island reefs of the Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Hyalopale species are of meiofaunal size (length: 1−2.8mm), but considered non-interstitial, with the majority of species inhabiting a singular habitat of shallow littoral zones among algae and epifauna overlying sediments in rubble. Hyalopale adults exhibit notochaetal fans characterized by the presence of lateral and midline notochaetal spines. Species of Hyalopale can be distinguished by the shape of glass-like notochaetal paleae and the number of densely stacked ribs. Hyalopale bispinosa forms a western and eastern Atlantic species complex, comprising the type species, Hyalopale bispinosa s.s., a comparatively larger form with the highest number of notochaetal paleael ribs from Florida, and Hyalopale cf. bispinosa, from the western and eastern Mediterranean, a smaller form with a similar notochaetal morphology to the latter. Unfortunately, no molecular sequence data is available for Hyalopale bispinosa s.s. Five new species are described, with molecular sequence data provided for three: Hyalopale leslieae sp. nov., a small form with a comparatively low number of paleal ribs, found from the Florida Keys to Belize, Caribbean Sea, H. zerofskii sp. nov. from southern California and Mexico, eastern Pacific and H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov., a distinctive species with the lowest number of paleael ribs, from Raja Ampat, Indonesia and the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, western Pacific. Two other species are described from morphology alone: H. angeliensis sp. nov. from Dampier, Western Australia and Seychelle Islands, eastern Indian Ocean and H. furfuricula sp. nov. from the Red Sea and Mozambique, western Indian Ocean, possessing a unique paleal brow shape. While well supported as a clade, support for relationships within Hyalopale is low. Hyalopale cf. bispinosa (Mediterranean) was recovered as sister group to the remaining Hyalopale, with H. leslieae sp. nov. as sister to the Hyalopale Pacific clade, comprising H. zerofskii sp. nov. (eastern Pacific) and H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. (western Pacific). Within Chrysopetalinae, Hyalopale and Paleanotus formed a clade that was the sister group to the other paleate chrysopetalids under maximum likelihood, though Paleanotus grouped with the other paleate forms under maximum parsimony. The adult morphology of Hyalopale species is compared with that exhibited in the larvae of Paleanotus species; based on these results, including possession of a shared notochaetal character, Hyalopale is considered to contain paedomorphic taxa. 

Systematics of Bulbostyla, a new subgenus of Sarcophaga Meigen, and change of status for Robackina Lopes (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2553 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARJOLAINE GIROUX ◽  
TERRY A. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
World Species ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
New Subgenus

Sarcophaga (Bulbostyla) subgen. nov. is described as a new subgenus of Sarcophaga Meigen to accommodate some species previously assigned to the subgenus S. (Neobellieria) Blanchard. Sarcophaga (Bulbostyla) contains nine species: S. airosalis sp. nov., S. cadyi sp. nov. (type species), S. cuautla sp. nov., S. fattigina sp. nov., S. ironalis sp. nov., S. semimarginalis Hall, S. sternalis (Reinhard), S. subdiscalis Aldrich and S. yorkii Parker. All species are described and illustrated and a key to the species is provided. The species within the subgenus are morphologically uniform externally and are distinguished mostly on male genitalic characters. Phylogenetic relationships within Bulbostyla are unresolved based on morphological characters and will require consideration of additional characters, such as molecular sequence data. The genus-group taxon Robackina Lopes is removed from synonymy with the subgenus Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) and reinstated as a valid subgenus of Sarcophaga (stat. nov.) to accommodate the single New World species Sarcophaga triplasia Wulp. A lectotype is designated for S. triplasia. The subgenus and species are redescribed and illustrated.

scholarly journals Lizards of a different stripe: phylogenetics of the Pedioplanis undata species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae), with the description of two new species

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-272
Author(s):  
Jackie L. Childers ◽  
Sebastian Kirchhof ◽  
Aaron M. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Climatic Oscillations ◽  
Rag 1 ◽  
Unique Amino Acid

The lacertid genus Pedioplanis is a moderately speciose group of small-bodied, cryptically-colored lizards found in arid habitats throughout southern Africa. Previous phylogenetic work on Pedioplanis has determined its placement within the broader context of the Lacertidae, but interspecific relations within the genus remain unsettled, particularly within the P. undata species complex, a group largely endemic to Namibia. We greatly expanded taxon sampling for members of the P. undata complex and other Pedioplanis, and generated molecular sequence data from 1,937 bp of mtDNA (ND2 and cytb) and 2,015 bp of nDNA (KIF24, PRLR, RAG-1) which were combined with sequences from GenBank resulting in a final dataset of 455 individuals. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses recover similar phylogenetic results and reveal the polyphyly of P. undata and P. inornata as presently construed. We confirm that P. husabensis is sister to the group comprising the P. undata complex plus the Angolan sister species P. huntleyi + P. haackei and demonstrate that P. benguelensis lies outside of this clade in its entirety. The complex itself comprises six species including P. undata, P. inornata, P. rubens, P. gaerdesi and two previously undescribed entities. Based on divergence date estimates, the P. undata species complex began diversifying in the late Miocene (5.3 ± 1.6 MYA) with the most recent cladogenetic events dating to the Pliocene (2.6 ± 1.0 MYA), making this assemblage relatively young compared to the genus Pedioplanis as a whole, the origin of which dates back to the mid-Miocene (13.5 ± 1.8 MYA). Using an integrative approach, we here describe Pedioplanis branchisp. nov. and Pedioplanis mayerisp. nov. representing northern populations previously assigned to P. inornata and P. undata, respectively. These entities were first flagged as possible new species by Berger-Dell’mour and Mayer over thirty years ago but were never formally described. The new species are supported chiefly by differences in coloration and by unique amino acid substitutions. We provide comprehensive maps depicting historical records based on museum specimens plus new records from this study for all members of the P. undata complex and P. husabensis. We suggest that climatic oscillations of the Upper Miocene and Pliocene-Pleistocene era in concert with the formation of biogeographic barriers have led to population isolation, gene flow restrictions and ultimately cladogenesis in the P. undata complex.

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