Infection, development, and reproduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema arenarium (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomae Kakouli-Duarte ◽  
Nigel G.M. Hague
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Total Body

AbstractSteinernema arenarium (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) completed a single generation in larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), at 23 degrees C. From the time of initial exposure of the insects to the nematodes, infection, formation of adults, and appearance of infective juveniles (IJ) occurred at 18, 48, and 120 h, respectively. In second instar (L2) O. sulcatus, small stunted females developed, but in late instar larvae (L6), stunted females co-existed with normal sized females. The stunted female nematodes developing in L6 O. sulcatus produced stunted progeny and the giant females normal sized IJ. The total body length and greatest body diameter of the larger IJ from O. sulcatus were similar to those recorded for normal sized IJ exiting Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The length of the small IJ was just over half the length of the large IJ produced in O. sulcatus and G. mellonella. IJ of both size groups were pathogenic to G. mellonella, and the small IJ matured into normal giant females within larger hosts. Small IJ of S. arenarium were able to infect L2 O. sulcatus in significantly higher numbers than normal sized IJ. The reasons for the single generation and production of stunted females and IJ are addressed. Infestation, developpement et reproduction du nematode entomopathogene Steinernema arenarium (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) sur Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)- Steinernema arenarium (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) n'accomplit, a 23 degrees C, qu'une seule generation dans les larves d'Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A partir de la mise en presence de l'insecte et des nematodes, l'infestation, la formation des adultes et l'apparition des juveniles infestants (IJ) se produisent en, respectivement, 18, 48 et 120 heures. Dans les larves de deuxieme stade (L2) d'O. sulcatus il se developpe des femelles petites et rabougries tandis que dans les larves de dernier stade (L6) de petites femelles coexistent avec des femelles de taille normale. Les petites femelles du nematode qui se sont developpees dans les L6 d'O. sulcatus ont une descendance rabougrie tandis que les femelles geantes produisent des IJ de taille normale. La longueur du corps et le diametre maximal des plus grandes IJ provenant d'O. sulcatus sont equivalents a ceux des IJ de taille normale provenant de Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). La longueur des petites IJ depasse de peu la moitie de celle des grandes IJ produites chez O. sulcatus et G. mellonella. Les IJ des deux groupes de taille sont pathogenes envers G. mellonella, et les petites IJ se developpent en femelles geantes, normales, dans des hotes de plus grande taille. Les petites IJ de S. arenarium peuvent infester O. sulcatus en nombre significativement plus eleve que les IJ de taille normale. Les causes de la generation unique et de la production de femelles et IJ rabougris sont discutees.

Use of a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei to control overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in outdoor strawberry plants

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 925-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Edmondson ◽  
Paul Richardson ◽  
Deena Willmott ◽  
Andrew Hart ◽  
Steve Long
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus ◽  
Cold Active ◽  
Clear Dose Response ◽  
Black Vine Weevil ◽  
Baermann Funnel

AbstractThe susceptibility of overwintering black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus to a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kraussei (isolate L137) and a commercial proprietary biopesticide, Steinernema carpocapsae (Exhibit) was assessed on outdoor potted strawberry plants. Nematodes were applied at a range of doses in early winter at a field site located in Warwickshire, England. Three months later, infestation and mortality of vine weevils were assessed. There was a clear dose response observed for S. kraussei applications. Up to 81% of vine weevil control was recorded by this nematode at the highest dose of 60 000 nematodes per pot, whereas treatments with S. carpocapsae caused no significant mortality at the dose rates used. Dissection of vine weevil larvae showed infective juveniles had developed to adults within the host. Recovery of nematodes at the end of the experiment indicated that S. kraussei (L137) was able to survive winter field conditions including prolonged exposure to low temperatures (averaging 2.7°C during the experiment) in contrast to S. carpocapsae which showed poor survival. Of the two extraction methods used, the Baermann funnel technique was found to be more efficient than Galleria mellonella baiting, with up to 44% of the original highest dose of S. kraussei nematodes being recovered by Baermann funnel compared to 8% with G. mellonella at 18°C. These results suggest S. kraussei (L137) has potential as a commercial biocontrol agent against O. sulcatus at low temperatures.

A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema hebeiense sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from North China

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Moens ◽  
Sergei Spiridonov ◽  
Aihua Yan ◽  
Shulong Chen ◽  
Xiuhua Li
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Total Body

AbstractA new species of Steinernema (Rhabditida), S. hebeiense sp. n. was isolated from sandy soil, Hebei Province, China. Diagnostic characters of infective juveniles of S. hebeiense sp. n. include total body length of 658 (610-710) μm, distance from anterior end to excretory pore of 48 (43-51) μm, tail length of 66 (63-71) μm, and E% ratio of 72 (65-80). The lateral field has eight ridges at the mid-body region (two very thin submarginal ridges, poorly discernible under light microscope, but visible in SEM); and the anterior end is slightly offset and flattened. First generation males have a body length of 1177 (1036-1450) μm, spicule length = 57 (51-63) μm, and gubernaculum length = 46 (38-50) μm. The spicules are light brown in colour and slightly curved; the manubrium is longer than wide. A tail mucron is present in second generation males. These morphometrical and morphometric features classify S. hebeiense sp. n. within the ' feltiae-kraussei-oregonense ' group. Molecular data also classify the new species within this group. Within this group, the smallest differences between the sequences of S. hebeiense sp. n. is with S. weiseri – 73 bp in the ITS rDNA and 13 bp in the studied partial sequence of the D2D3 expansion segment of LSU rDNA.

INFLUÊNCIA DO SUBSTRATO E DA LUMINOSIDADE NA INFECÇÃO DE NEMATOIDES ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS EM Galleria mellonella (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Andressa Lima de Brida ◽  
Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken ◽  
Luis Garrigós Leite
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são alternativas eficientes para o controle de pragas. O emprego de novas técnicas da produção in vivo, permite o progresso da tecnologia de formulação de bioinseticidas. O objetivo do trabalho, foi avaliar a influência da luminosidade e do substrato na capacidade de infecção de juvenis infectantes (JIs) de Steinernema brazilense IBCBn 06, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCBn 02, Steinernema feltiae IBCBn 47 e Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCBn 24 em lagartas de Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. As parcelas, constituídas por placa de Petri com, substrato-areia e substrato-papel filtro, com e sem luminosidade, inoculados com suspensão de 1,5 mL contendo 400JIs e quatro lagartas de G. mellonella. O número de JIs foi quantificado após a mortalidade das lagartas. A taxa de infecção de JIs de S. carpocapsae IBCBn 02 e S. feltiae IBCBn 47 variaram de 2,14 a 3,28 e de 11,04 a 13,09 JIs/lagarta. O substrato-areia com e sem luminosidade permitiu a maior taxa de infeção dos JIs de S. brazilense IBCBn 06 de 7,86 e 9,44 JIs/lagarta, e 13,49 JIs/lagarta com luminosidade para H. amazonensis IBCBn 24. O substrato-areia, permite a maior taxa de infecção por JIs de NEPs.

Penetration and encapsulation of the larval endoparasitoid Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the factitious host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Valigurová ◽  
V. Michalková ◽  
P. Koník ◽  
M.L. Dindo ◽  
M. Gelnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Foreign Objects ◽  
Factitious Host ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractThe tachinid fly Exorista larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) is a polyphagous larval endoparasitoid that deposits its eggs on the host exoskeleton of lepidopteran and tenthredinid larvae. The attachment of larval E. larvarum and the formation of the respiratory funnel were studied during infestation in the last larval instar of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The tachinid larvae burrow through the host integument after hatching, using their robust cephalopharyngeal skeleton, leaving a dark spot at the point of their penetration as a result of host cuticle melanization. Endoparasitoid penetration induces the host cellular defence, resulting in the formation of a haemocyte capsule consisting of multi-cellular sheaths. This enveloping capsule later undergoes melanization, which is mostly obvious towards the posterior part of the endoparasitoid. The endoparasitoid uses the host encapsulation response to build a respiratory funnel from the modified host integument, leading to the host surface. The encapsulated larva remains attached to the respiratory funnel via an anal hook and cuticular spines until fully developed. Additional immunohistochemical analyses were used to study host–parasitoid interactions. Indirect immunofluorescence showed no labelling of potential tachinid antigens and confirmed no effect on the surrounding host tissues. A simulated parasitization with coated polybead microspheres revealed the mortal impact of tachinid antigens to the host. Hosts injected with antigen-coated polybeads died as a consequence of an acute and extensive immunological response to the tachinid antigens and not due to the trauma caused by foreign objects inside their body.

Reflecting materials in the eyes of three teleosts, Orthopristes chrysopterus, Dorosoma cepedianum and Anchoa mitchilli

1973 ◽  
Vol 184 (1074) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Gizzard Shad ◽  
Dorosoma Cepedianum ◽  
Anchoa Mitchilli ◽  
First Report ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Bay Anchovy

The tapeta lucida of three species of teleosts were examined to determine the composition of the reflecting material. The fishes were bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli (Engraulidae), gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Clupeidae) and pigfish Orthopristes chrysopterus (Haemulidae). The tapetum of each species was situated in the pigment epithelium of the eye. That of the pigfish contained triglycerides identified as chiefly glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate. A reduced pteridine, 7, 8-dihydroxanthopterin, occurred in the tapetum of the gizzard shad. Guanine occurred in the tapetum of the bay anchovy. The tapetum of the shad contained brightly reflecting particles about 0.5 μm in diameter There were 10.8 mg of dihydroxanthopterin in the tapetum of a shad (total body length 23 cm) and 0.46 mg of guanine in the tapetum of an anchovy (total body length 9 cm). This is the first report of a pteridine acting as a retinal reflector in vertebrates. Various aspects of retinal reflectors of teleosts are discussed and their variety and common characteristics commented upon.

Analisis Akustik Target Strength Penyu Hijau (Chelonia Mydas) Melalui Pengukuran Secara Terkontrol Pada Frekuensi 200 kHz

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Teddy Julyansyah ◽  
Deddy Bakhtiar ◽  
Ari Anggoro
Keyword(s):  
Green Turtle ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Acoustic Method ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Acoustic Backscattering ◽  
Total Length ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACT Turtles are reptiles that live in the sea and are able to migrate over long distances along the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. Currently the number of turtle populations in nature has greatly decreased. This population decline is caused by natural factors and human activities that endanger the population directly or indirectly. At this time the tagging set technique (ID tag code) is a method that is often used to detect the presence of turtles by attaching tags to female turtles who are landing to lay eggs on the beach or while in captivity or the discovery of the mother turtle by fishermen. One other method that can be used to detect the presence of turtles is to use the acoustic method. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the acoustic backscattering energy of the green turtle (Chelonia mydes) and to analyze the relationship between target strength and total body length of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This research was conducted in the Tapak Paderi waters pond, Bengkulu City, in August-October 2020. The average target strength (TS) value for green turtles was -48.07 dB. Based on the regression equation, the value of determination (R2) obtained is 0.78. Where this value shows that the total length of the green turtle has an effect of 78% on the average target strength (TS) value, while for 22% it is caused by other factors such as body shape, environmental factors and other factors. Based on the ANOVA test, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the total length and the value of the target strength (TS) on the green turtle or the value of the total length has an influence on the value of the target strength (TS) on the green turtle.  

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