Plant parasitic nematodes from a forest tree nursery in southern Spain with some notes about the influence of soil storage on the quantitative recovery of Meloidogyne arenaria

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Talavera ◽  
Juan Carlos Magunacelaya ◽  
Antonio Tobar
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Meloidogyne Arenaria ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Sophora Japonica ◽  
Soil Storage ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Pratylenchus Vulnus ◽  
Pinus Spp

Abstract A nematological survey was carried out in a forest tree nursery in Andujar, southern Spain. Meloidogyne arenaria was found in soil and roots samples from Acacia sp., Biota sp., Juglans regia, Pinus spp., Salix babilonica and Sophora japonica. Pratylenchus vulnus was found in Acacia sp., Cupressus macrocarpa, Juglans regia, Ligustrum japonica, Morus sp., Pinus spp., Populus sp., Salix babilonica and Ulmus pumila. Helicotylenchus sp., Xiphinema americanum and Tylenchorhynchus sp. were found in all the plant species planted in the nursery. Paratylenchus sp., Criconemella sp. and Zygotylenchus guevarai host ranges are also given. The influence of soil storage on the recovery of M. arenaria was studied. At storage temperatures similar to those of the nursery (10-15°C), densities of M. arenaria in soil increased until the sixth week after sampling and were then maintained until the thirteenth week of storage. Incubation temperatures below 16°C during the migration of nematodes through a cottonwool filter, reduced the number of M. arenaria juveniles recovered after 15 h, but increasing migration time up to 39 h could counterbalance this reduction. Pflanzenparasitare Nematoden aus einer sudspanischen Forstbaumschulemit einigen Bemerkungen uber den Einfluss der Probenlagerung auf den quantitativen Nachweis von Meloidogyne arenaria - In einer Forstbaumschule in Andujar, Sudspanien, wurde eine nematologische Untersuchung durchgefuhrt. Meloidogyne arenaria wurde in Boden- und Wurzelproben von Acacia sp., Biota sp., Juglans regia, Pinus spp., Salix babilonica und Sophora japonica gefunden. Pratylenchus vulnus konnte an Acacia sp., Cupressus macrocarpa, Juglans regia, Ligustrum japonica, Morus sp., Pinus spp., Populus sp., Salix babilonica und Ulmus pumila nachgewiesen werden. Helicotylenchus sp., Xiphinema americanum und Tylenchorhynchus sp. wurden an allen Pflanzenarten gefunden, die in der Baumschule angebaut wurden. Ferner werden die Wirtspflanzen von Paratylenchus sp., Criconemella sp. und Zygotylenchus guevarai genannt. Dann wurde auch der Einfluss der Probelagerung auf den Nachweis von M. arenaria untersucht. Bei Lagerungstemperaturen von 10-15°C, die ahnlich waren wie die in der Baumschule, nahmen die Dichten von M. arenaria bis zur sechsten Woche nach der Probenahme zu und hielten sich dann bis zur 13. Woche der Lagerung. Temperaturen unter 16°C wahrend der Wanderung durch ein Baumwollwattefilter verminderten die Anzahl der nach 15h wiedergefundenen Juvenilen, doch konnte eine Verlangerung der Wanderzeit auf 39h diese Verminderung ausgleichen.

scholarly journals Broadcast Applications of Glyphosate Control Nutsedge at a South Georgia Forest Tree Nursery

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-179
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
L. David Dwinell ◽  
Michelle M. Cram
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Nutsedge is a major weed problem in some southern forest tree nurseries. Although herbicides can control most weeds in nurseries, control of nutsedge is usually dependent on fumigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of broadcast applications of glyphosate for control of nutsedge. Single and multiple applications of glyphosate at 2.2 kg ai/ha greatly reduced the density of nutsedge shoots and viable tubers at a south Georgia forest tree nursery. The first application in June 1999 reduced nutsedge shoots by approximately 98%. Subsequent applications during September and October 1999 had no additional detectable effect. Although applications in August and September 2000 greatly reduced the amount of nutsedge in previously untreated areas, their effect did not appear to be as great as glyphosate applications during the first year. Rainfall before and after glyphosate applications, and plant age at the time of application may have influenced the level of nutsedge control in year two. Nutsedge shoots and viable tubers were reduced to near zero levels in plots treated over a 2 yr period. The use of broadcast applications of glyphosate may be of value in developing a more cost-effective management program for nutsedge control in southern forest tree nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):176–179.

Water balance and irrigation planning in a forest tree nursery

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-579
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Jean Stein ◽  
André P. Plamondon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Irrigation Planning ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension

A soil water budget was established to estimate the water loss from the 0- to 60-cm layer as a result of evapotranspiration in a forest tree nursery. Estimated evapotranspiration totaled 69% of potential evapotranspiration (as estimated by the Penman equation) for 36 selected periods from May 15 to July 30, 1975. The root zone (0- to 15-cm layer) supplied 58% of the total evapotranspired water from the soil profile. Evapotranspiration from this layer was found to be a good predictor of total water loss. Evapotranspiration from the root zone, expressed as a percentage of potential evapotranspiration, was related to soil water tension at 3 cm depth. This relationship, combined with a knowledge of soil hydrodynamic properties, can be used to estimate evapotranspiration from the 0- to 60-cm soil profile, which in turn can be used to predict irrigation needs. For practical purposes, a relationship using net radiation instead of potential evapotranspiration can also be used. Depending on the available information, either of these two relationships may be used for irrigation planning.

scholarly journals Mt. Shasta Forest tree nursery /

1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl. Lanquist ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tree Nursery

scholarly journals Phosphorus-induced change in root hair growth is associated with IAA accumulation in walnut

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 12504
Author(s):  
Yongjie XU ◽  
Chunyong XU ◽  
Dejian ZHANG ◽  
Xianzhen DENG
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Phosphorus Stress ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Root Hair Growth

Walnut, an important non-wood product forest tree, has free root hairs in orchards. Root hairs are specialized cells originating from the root epidermis that are regulated by plant hormones, such as auxins. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of phosphorus stress on root hair growth of walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedings by auxin (IAA) biosynthesis and transport. Both low phosphorus (LP) and no phosphorus stresses (NP) heavily decreased plant height, leaf number, total root length, root surface, shoot and root biomass, and root nutrient contents. The LP treatment significantly increased root hair growth, accompanied with up-regulation of the positive regulation root hair growth gene JrCPC and down-regulation of the negative regulation root hair growth gene JrTTG1, while the NP treatment had opposite effects. The root IAA level, IAAO activities, IAA transport genes (JrAUX1, JrLAX1, and JrPIN1), and the biosynthesis genes (JrTAA1 and JrTAR1) were increased by the LP treatment, while the NP treatment decreased all of them. Interestingly, the auxin biosynthesis gene CsYUCCA1 was not affected, which suggested that P mainly affects root hair growth of walnut by regulating auxin transport, and then affects root nutrient absorption and plant growth.

What Can Thermal Sensing Reveal in a Forest Tree Nursery?

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vlcek ◽  
D. King
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Typical Result ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Thermal Sensing

Close range and airborne thermal studies were conducted to examine the near-surface soil water content – surface temperature relationship both quantitatively and qualitatively. A typical result showing the linear correlation between the diurnal surface soil/canopy temperature difference and soil water content at a depth of 5-7 cm for fields covered by seedlings in a forest tree nursery is presented. Interpretation of several thermal images reveals details of natural and artificial surface and subsurface drainage systems in a nursery that are not visible on the ground or on aerial photography. Thermal patterns related to irrigation systems, wind and forest canopies are also examined. Such information is useful in studying subsurface water migration and irrigation efficiency and is an aid to drainage system design and water management practices. Key Words: Thermal sensing, Tree nursery, Subsurface soil moisture, Thermal image interpretation, Artificial, natural draining, Irrigation.

scholarly journals First Report of Meloidogyne arenaria Parasitizing Lettuce in Southern Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-975
Author(s):  
P. Castillo ◽  
B. B. Landa ◽  
J. A. Navas-Cortés ◽  
N. Vovlas ◽  
R. M. Jiménez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Arenaria ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Stylet Length ◽  
Dorsal Gland

During the 2005-2006 autumn to winter lettuce-growing (Lactuca sativa cv. Iceberg) season, severely stunted and yellowing lettuce plants with disease incidence ranging from 80 to100% were observed in four commercial, fall-sown fields at Almodóvar del Río (Córdoba Province) in southern Spain. Early symptoms consisted of severely reduced growth of the plants that continued with extensive leaf yellowing and the absence of tight-head formation. Attacks by the disease were estimated to cause near complete loss of the crop yields since the lettuce head produced in affected fields were unmarketable. Observations of affected lettuce plants revealed high parasitism of the root system by a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) in the main and feeder roots as well as heavy soil infestations by the nematode. The nematode was identified by the female perineal pattern, esterases phenotype, and a sequence-characterized amplified region polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) technique (1,2,4). Measurements and morphological observations of 20 second-stage juveniles (J2s) (body length = 463 ± 28 μm, dorsal gland orifice from stylet base = 2.8 ± 0.6 μm, stylet length = 10.4 ± 0.5 μm, tail length = 54.4 ± 0.6 μm; hyaline tail terminus = 9.4 ± 0.6 μm) and 10 adult females (stylet length = 14.5 ± 0.7 μm, dorsal gland orifice from stylet base = 4.7 ± 0.5 μm, and perineal pattern with low and rounded dorsal arch with coarse striae) conformed to the description of Meloidogyne arenaria (3). On the basis of the characteristics of the perineal pattern, the 2-band esterase phenotype, and the 420-bp SCAR fragment, the causal agent was identified as the peanut root-knot nematode M. arenaria. Nematodes were extracted from soil and root samples by standard procedures and their populations quantified. M. arenaria was detected in nearly all soil and root samples assessed, with nematode population densities ranging from 206 to 1,072 eggs and J2s per 5 g of fresh roots. Different Meloidogyne spp. have been reported parasitizing lettuce roots, especially M. hapla in northern areas (2); however, to our knowledge this is the first time that M. arenaria is reported parasitizing lettuce roots in Spain and elsewhere. References: (1) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (2) N. A. Mitkowski et al. Plant Dis. 86:840, 2002. (3) K. J. Orton Williams. Meloidogyne arenaria. CIH Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Set 5, No. 62. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, St. Albans, 1975. (4) C. Zijlstra et al. Nematology 2:847, 2000.

Growth and biomass of siberian elm seedlings (Ulmus pumila L.) grown in tree nursery

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Gan-Erdene Batsaikhan ◽  
Myadagmaa Suren ◽  
Batdorj Enkhbayar ◽  
Delgerjargal Dugarjav
Keyword(s):  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Degraded Land ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
High Prediction ◽  
Relationship Of

In this paper, we studied growth and biomass of 1-2 years old Siberian elm seedlings grown in the tree nursery, near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Ulmus pumila L. has a wide natural distribution throughout the country. Due to climate change and other factors, environmental degradation has become inevitable in the country and efforts to restore degraded land are made in different regions. Due to its drought and cold resistance, Siberian elm is considered to be one of the most suitable species of tree to be used for restoration and windbreaks. We measured height, diameter and biomass of 1-2 year old seedlings, and composed allometric equation to estimate aboveground and belowground biomass. Equations have high prediction power (R2=0.80-0.96), however, they are more suitable to seedlings and saplings due to difference in the allometric relationship of trees at different ages. We also explored relationship between diameter (at root collar) and height, which was fairly good (R2=0.73). In order to be able to use the equation to indirectly estimate belowground biomass of seedlings, we estimated Root/shoot ratio of seedlings. Root/shoot ratio was 0.85 for 1-2-year-old seedlings. Belowground biomass estimation can be useful in determining how well the tree can fix soil around it, and draw water and nutrients from the soil. The result of the study can be used for further work concerning the viability of Siberian elm for restoration and windbreaks.

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