Sinopean Imports on the Black Sea Littoral of South-West Georgia

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 487-559
Author(s):  
Merab Khalvashi ◽  
Nino Inaishvili
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Early Byzantine

Abstract Sinopean imports ‐ coins, ceramic ware ‐ amphorae, mortars and tiles ‐ found in the south-western Georgian Black Sea littoral characterise different aspects of relationships in the south and eastern Black Sea littoral over a long period. The south-western coast of ancient Colchis seems to have been closely connected with Sinope from the fifth century BC. Sinopean finds become more and more frequent in fourth-third centuries BC contexts. From the last quarter of the fourth century BC, the leading role of trading with Colchis passed to Sinope. It was archaeologically expressed in the intensive circulation of Sinopean drachmas and hemidrachmas as well as in the import of Sinopean ceramic ware (amphorae, mortars, tiles) and production of their local imitations. In the Roman and early Byzantine periods, Sinope was a key base for the Roman army and fleet at the southern Black Sea coast. Finds of Sinopean ceramic products of this period are frequent during the excavations of the fortresses of the Roman and early Byzantine period on the eastern Black Sea littoral.

Settlement of early Byzantine time at the Kyz-Aul necropolis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Ф. Федосеев ◽  
Л.Ю. Пономарев
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Living Room ◽  
The South ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Village ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Early Byzantine

Necropolis Kyz-Aul is located on the Black Sea coast, 1 km to the south-east of the village. Yakovenkovo. In 1930, 1979–1983, 1985, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005–2006, 2015–2017, he was investigated by Yu. Martti, O. Chevelev, N. Sudarev and N. Fedoseev. Separate burials date back to the II–I BC, the burial of the I–III AD the most recent burials, apparently, were committed in the IV–V AD. In the VI – third quarter of the VII century AD on the territory of the already abandoned necropolis, a small settlement was located. Its cultural stratum is traced on all sites that have been followed in the last decade. As living quarters, the looted crypts of the 1st–3rd centuries AD were adapted, consisting of one or two funerary cells and built of massive blocks of limestone (№ 6, 7, 9, 10). With exception of the crypts of the poorly preserved pit of the semidugout (?) other residential and household buildings on the necropolis could not be fixed. One child burial also belongs to the same period. The most well-preserved living room in the crypt number 6. In one of its funerary cells housed five household pits and heating devices, including a fireplace, reminiscent of the design of the fireplace. In the other crypts, the interior details of the “underground” dwellings have not been preserved. In the “Khazar” time burial chamber crypts were adapted for the maintenance of small cattle. The time of the early Byzantine settlement on the necropolis dates numerous finds of amphorae. The upper date was determined thanks to the coin of 674 Constantine IV Pogonat. In addition, a ring with the image of an archangel was found, an analogy of which is known in the burial complexes of the 7th century. Unfortunately, the area and location of the necropolis of this settlement is not yet established. Cannot be reconstructed and its layout. It is difficult to reconstruct the interior of the “underground” dwellings themselves, since the crypts were reused in the “Khazar” period. In addition, no other settlements of this time were found on the ancient necropolises of the Kerch Peninsula

scholarly journals Features of Currents on the Black Sea Northwestern Shelf Based on the Numerical Simulation Results

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Dorofeyev ◽  
L. I. Sukhikh ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Shelf ◽  
Horizontal Density Gradient ◽  
Hydrodynamic Fields

Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the features of currents on the Black Sea northwestern shelf based of the reanalysis results, and at analyzing the reasons of these features. Methods and Results. To analyze the currents on the northwestern shelf, applied were the results of physical reanalysis of the Black Sea fields performed by the authors earlier, namely, the arrays of hydrodynamic fields on a regular grid with the 21-year duration (1992–2012). Surface currents on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea are directed mainly to the southwest. Throughout the whole year (except for the summer months when the wind effect weakens), an intensive compensatory current directed to the south is formed along the western coast. The waters near the western coast are highly horizontally stratified that is caused by fresh water inflowing with the river runoffs. In winter seasons, the stratification is most pronounced, whereas in summer, the horizontal density gradient decreases. The horizontal density stratification leads to the following: starting from the depth ~ 20 m, the pressure gradient changes its sign and the along-coastal jet countercurrent directed to the north, occurs. Conclusions. The performed studies have shown that the water circulation on the Black Sea northwestern shelf is determined mainly by the following factors: the wind-induced water flows across the shelf boundary and strong horizontal water stratification near the western coast resulted from the river runoffs. As the currents on the sea surface are directed mainly to the southwest, the compensatory current directed to the south is formed near the western coast. Due to the strong horizontal stratification resulted from the river runoffs, a countercurrent directed to the north is formed in the subsurface layer near the western coast. In case the seawater flows to the shelf are extremely high, the countercurrent may be absent.

scholarly journals Lead pollution and its sources along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. UNSAL
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Lead Pollution ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
High Lead

Lead pollution and its sources have been investigated in the south-eastern and south-western Black Sea. Surficial sediments and mussels were collected in different seasons of the year from the south-eastern and south-western Black Sea and analysed for their lead contents.In the south-eastern Black Sea sediments from the easternmost and from the central stations contained the highest lead concentrations. Sediments contained 8 to 10 times the lead concentrations of sediments from the south-west. Samples taken from rivers, streams and effluents had especially high lead concentrations. The highest lead concentrations were found in sediments collected in October and December.Lead concentrations in mussels from the south-eastern coast were comparatively lower compared to those from the south-western coast. The highest average values occurred in December and in October.In the south-western Black Sea, the highest lead concentrations in sediments were obtained in those from Inebolu, followed by those from around Zonguldak. The concentrations increased from the middle to the west of the southern Black Sea coast, possibly due to the effect of the Danube River. Sediments taken in September had the highest lead concentrations, followed by samples taken in December.Very high lead concentrations (> 10 μ g g-1) were observed in mussels from those stations where the sediments also contained high concentrations. Mussels had their highest lead concentrations in January and April.

scholarly journals Features of Currents on the Black Sea Northwestern Shelf Based on the Numerical Simulation Results

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Dorofeyev ◽  
L. I. Sukhikh ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Shelf ◽  
Horizontal Density Gradient ◽  
Hydrodynamic Fields

Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the features of currents on the Black Sea northwestern shelf based of the reanalysis results, and at analyzing the reasons of these features. Methods and Results. To analyze the currents on the northwestern shelf, applied were the results of physical reanalysis of the Black Sea fields performed by the authors earlier, namely, the arrays of hydrodynamic fields on a regular grid with the 21-year duration (1992–2012). Surface currents on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea are directed mainly to the southwest. Throughout the whole year (except for the summer months when the wind effect weakens), an intensive compensatory current directed to the south is formed along the western coast. The waters near the western coast are highly horizontally stratified that is caused by fresh water inflowing with the river runoffs. In winter seasons, the stratification is most pronounced, whereas in summer, the horizontal density gradient decreases. The horizontal density stratification leads to the following: starting from the depth ~ 20 m, the pressure gradient changes its sign and the along-coastal jet countercurrent directed to the north, occurs. Conclusions. The performed studies have shown that the water circulation on the Black Sea northwestern shelf is determined mainly by the following factors: the wind-induced water flows across the shelf boundary and strong horizontal water stratification near the western coast resulted from the river runoffs. As the currents on the sea surface are directed mainly to the southwest, the compensatory current directed to the south is formed near the western coast. Due to the strong horizontal stratification resulted from the river runoffs, a countercurrent directed to the north is formed in the subsurface layer near the western coast. In case the seawater flows to the shelf are extremely high, the countercurrent may be absent.

THE FOUNDERS OF WESTERN PONTIC CITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Nawotka
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
The City ◽  
Cultural Transfers

The Greek cities of the western coast of the Black Sea knew both foundation myths and the phenomenon of the second foundation, associated with the rebuilding of civic life after the invasion of Burebista, the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82 bce to 44 bce. In most foundation stories the ktistes is either a god (in the case of the city of Dionysopolis) or a hero (in the cases of the cities of Kallatis, Tomis and Anchialos), and the stories date mostly to the Antonine age. The story of Tomos of Tomis stands out owing to its wide acceptance among the local elite, while that of Melsas of Mesambria may have never gained official acceptance: it was created in the late Hellenistic age, probably reviving a Thracian tale of Melsas, perhaps a hero, known from early-third century bce coins. The Melsas story is a prime example of cultural transfers from the native population to Greek-majority Mesambria in the Hellenistic and early Roman ages.

Wave energy potential and variability for the south west coasts of the Black Sea: The WEB-based wave energy atlas

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Bingölbali ◽  
Halid Jafali ◽  
Adem Akpınar ◽  
Serkan Bekiroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Web Based ◽  
South West ◽  
The Web
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