Trans-Cultural/Religious Constants vs. Cross-Cultural/Religious Differences in Psychological Aspects of Religion

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilis Saroglou
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Gender Orientation ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Religious Differences

Are there trans-religious, trans-cultural constants in psychological aspects of religion across different religions and cultures? An excessively culturalistic approach may overlook this possibility, putting an emphasis on the uniqueness of the religious phenomenon studied as emerging from a complex of multiple contextual factors. This article reviews empirical studies in psychology of religion in the 1990s that mainly include participants from different Christian denominations, but also from other religions: Muslims, Jews and Hindus. It appeared, at first, that several cross-cultural/religious differences can be documented (especially between Catholics and Protestants), but the interpretation of these differences is not simple, as other factors may interfere. Secondly it turned out that an impressive series of psychological constants also exist across different denominations, religions, and cultures. These constants include personality correlates, gender and gender orientation, positive and negative values, cognitive and affective aspects, identity formation, social attitudes and consequences.

Empirical Studies in the Psychology of Religion: An Assessment of the Period 1960–1970

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Religious Behavior ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Definition Of Religion ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of

Developments in the psychology of religion during the 1960s are discussed. The upsurge in interest in the area since 1950 is noted. Special attention is given to advances in (1) the definition of religion; (2) the relation of religion and prejudice; and (3) personality correlates of religious behavior. However, it is suggested that the field still suffers from a paucity of experimental data, sampling deficiencies, the problem of legitimate control subjects, overenthusiastic generalization of findings, and lack of programmatic designs.

Media use and gender relationship to the nightmare protection hypothesis: A cross-cultural analysis.

Dreaming ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne Gackenbach ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Ming-Ni Lee
Keyword(s):  
Media Use ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cross Cultural Analysis

Criss-Cross: Identity and Transformation in Re-reading Billy Elliot

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-551
Author(s):  
Jacqui Miller
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Central Character ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Liberal Politics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Opening Up

Billy Elliot (2000) has been widely recognised as an important British film of the post-Thatcher period. It has been analysed using multiple disciplinary methodologies, but almost always from the theoretical frameworks of class and gender/sexuality. The film has sometimes been used not so much as a focus of analysis itself but as a conduit for exploring issues such as class deprivation or neo-liberal politics and economics. Such studies tend to use the film's perceived shortcomings as a starting point to critique society's wider failings to interrogate constructions of gender and sexuality. This article argues that an examination of the identity formation of some of the film's subsidiary characters shows how fluidity and transformation are key to the film's opening up of a jouissance which is enabled by but goes beyond its central character.

Healthy Children and Fears about Death

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore Wass
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Frequency Intensity

Some explanations for the paucity of empirical studies of death fears in healthy, nonbereaved children are offered, and issues in studying this topic are discussed. Three major findings from the existing literature — occurrence, age/developmental differences, and gender differences in frequency, intensity, and quality — are presented, followed by a discussion of questions that remain largely unanswered and explanations that may need revision.

Cross-Cultural Differences in Strategies of Peer Persuasion of Hebrew-Speaking and Arabic-Speaking Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 355-372
Author(s):  
Rachel Karniol
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Participant Gender ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Peer ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The purpose of the current research was to examine strategies of persuasion used by Arabic-speaking and Hebrew-speaking boys and girls to determine the relative contributions of culture and gender in determining communication styles. Children were asked to write a letter to a male or female peer asking for a gender-stereotyped or a gender-neutral gift. Four meta-categories were identified: formality, self-focus, other-focus, and gift-focus. For each meta-category except gift-focus, there were significant main effects and interactions. Language group was significant for formality and other-focus but not for self-focus. Importantly, there were several interactions between participant gender, target gender, and gender-stereotypy of gift, but these did not interact with language group. The results were discussed in the context of children’s socialization to the ethos of musayara and dugri in Arabic-speaking and Hebrew-speaking culture.

Perception of human ecology: cross-cultural and gender comparisons

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna D Eisler ◽  
Hannes Eisler ◽  
Mitsuo Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Human Ecology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Gender Comparisons ◽  
And Gender

“Toxic Masculinity” in the age of #MeToo: ritual, morality and gender archetypes across cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Paul Louis Veissière
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Moral Panics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Archetypes ◽  
Cultural Shifts

Purpose This paper aims to take the “toxic masculinity” (TM) trope as a starting point to examine recent cultural shifts in common assumptions about gender, morality and relations between the sexes. TM is a transculturally widespread archetype or moral trope about the kind of man one should not be. Design/methodology/approach The author revisits his earlier fieldwork on transnational sexualities against a broader analysis of the historical, ethnographic and evolutionary record. The author describes the broad cross-cultural recurrence of similar ideal types of men and women (good and bad) and the rituals through which they are culturally encouraged and avoided. Findings The author argues that the TM trope is normatively useful if and only if it is presented alongside a nuanced spectrum of other gender archetypes (positive and negative) and discussed in the context of human universality and evolved complementariness between the sexes. Social implications The author concludes by discussing stoic virtue models for the initiation of boys and argues that they are compatible with the normative commitments of inclusive societies that recognize gender fluidity along the biological sex spectrum. Originality/value The author makes a case for the importance of strong gender roles and the rites and rituals through which they are cultivated as an antidote to current moral panics about oppression and victimhood.

scholarly journals ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ «НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ ДІЛОВІ КУЛЬТУРИ» ЯК ВИХІДНА ОСНОВА МІЖНАРОДНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Єгор Вячеславович Чеботарьов
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Business Culture ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Critical Instability ◽  
Cross Cultural Management ◽  
Cultural Marketing ◽  
National Business

Formulation of the problem. The dramatic aggravation of the situation in world commodity, financial and stock markets leads to critical instability of international business, which confirms the need to study the problematics of national business cultures. The aim of the research is to identify the pivotal category - "national business cultures" and to disclose its content. The subject of the research is the original epistemological basis of analysis and the defining phenomena that reveal the content of the category - "national business cultures". The methods of the research: unity of analysis and synthesis, ascent from concrete to abstract, method of comparative analysis. The hypothesis of the research - national business cultures embody a set of phenomena and processes that are multidisciplinary in content, with reproducibility in time and space with some modification in specific conditions. The statement of basic materials: on the basis of the analysis of the works of the founders of the theory of national business cultures (G. Hofstede, F. Trompenaars; R. Lewis; C. Rapaille) and their followers the essence of the components of the study of national business cultures: cross -cultural management, cross -cultural communications and cross -cultural marketing. The epistemologi cal postulates that are necessary for the categorical definition of the "national business cultures" concept are qualified: multifacetedness; determinants of the formation of national business cultures; the longevity and reproduction of national business cultures; property of identification and classification of differences of national business cultures; modification of forms of manifestations of national business cultures within specific time. The originality and practical significance of the research lays in clear authentication of the "national business cultures" category and identification of the defining components of cross-cultural entrepreneurship. Conclusions and perspectives of further research: national business cultures are a complex interdisciplinary phenomenon that focuses on a set of essential features not only of economic content but also of the institutional environment. The primary tasks of further development are to conduct applied empirical studies on the evaluation of Ukraine's national business culture.

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