Where is the World Heading? Shaping a New International System

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
International System ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University ◽  
Paths To Stability ◽  
Current Reality

AbstractAttempting to understand the way in which the international system evolves and what the main forces that shape its future progress are, is always a complicated endeavour. In the present article, based on the presentation made at the Conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht ‐ Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge, the author undertakes this daunting task. Whereas Kissinger argued that there exist only two paths to stability, hegemony or equilibrium, in this article it is argued that this does not reflect the current reality and challenges of the 21st century. By analysing the current forces and challenges of the modern international community the author of the present article strives to derive certain conclusions as to where the world is heading and what would be the shape of the international system.

The Element of Risk in International Investment Arbitration

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Kałduński
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
International Law ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Investment Arbitration ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

AbstractInvestments have always been exposed to a degree of risk. The present article, based on the author’s presentation at the conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht ‐ Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge on 5‐6 November 2008, examines the element of risk, inherent in any investment project, as it has been delineated through international investment arbitration. The main focus is on the duty, on the part of the investor, to make a risk-assessment and act in good faith. These duties, however, do not mean ipso facto that the investor is responsible for any occurrence that may damage the investment. It is at this point that tribunals bear an important obligation to balance investor and host State interests.

Professor Manfred Lachs: Wise Man of International Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Piontek
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University ◽  
Academic Teacher

AbstractThis article, based on the author’s presentation at the Conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht - Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge on 5‐6 November 2008, aims at briefly presenting the life and achievements of Professor and Judge Manfred H. Lachs (21 April 1914‐14 January 1993). During the course of his prolific career, Judge Lachs was active and excelled in four different roles; those of scholar and academic teacher, diplomat and international judge. In all these roles, with his innovative and ground-breaking ideas, he has left his mark on legal discourse and his legal thought continues to be of great influence even today.

Preclusion of Wrongfulness of the Use of Force

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Aureliusz Wlaź
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

AbstractThis contribution, stemming from a presentation made at the Conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht - Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge on 5-6 November 2008, addresses the current debate on the legality of the use of force in international relations. More specifically, it considers the possibility and applicability of the ‘preclusion of wrongfulness’ argument with respect to the use of force. It is argued that although circumstances precluding wrongfulness were never expressly invoked in the context of the use of force, such a possibility may be worth consideration.

Count Rostworowski as an International Lawyer and Judge

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-79
Author(s):  
Anna Wyrozumska
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
International Lawyer ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Treaty Interpretation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

AbstractThis article, stemming from a presentation made at the conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht ‐ Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge on 5‐6 November 2008, introduces the life and work of Count Rostworowski as a lawyer, academic and international judge. The main focus is on his approach to international law and treaty interpretation in his opinions in the cases of the Permanent Court of International Justice, on which he sat as a judge.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Nurbaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International System ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Common Features ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
System States

The world community will turn into a common international system. States, which are a separate independent part of this universal system, develop in all spheres in interaction, interdependence and interdependence. Each individual state can benefit from the best practices of another state in the field of political, legal, legislative and state building.Naturally, the study of the experience of foreign parliamentarism is of great importance for Uzbekistan, which democratically restructures its political and legal system and moves towards the formation of a bicameral legislature through parliamentary reforms. Over the past two hundred years of the historical development of parliamentarism, an incredibly rich and meaningful experience has been accumulated. No matter how diverse the diversity in this regard, comparing the activities of existing parliaments on the planet, it will be possible to identify all important aspects, common features and features of this state-legal phenomenon. The essence, traditions and general laws of parliamentarism can be understood by comparing the legislative practice that has developed in advanced countries with the procedures formed in them. At the same time, it should be noted that a number of rare works have been published based on a comparison of the experience of different parliaments

An Essay in Critical Biography—Charles Churchill

PMLA ◽  
1920 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Original Material ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Robert Southey ◽  
The World ◽  
New Material ◽  
Edinburgh Review ◽  
The University ◽  
National Biography

A writer in The Annual Register, soon after the death of Charles Churchill, gave to the world the first account of his life; this was followed by The Genuine Memoirs of Mr. Charles Churchill. To Bell's edition of the poet's works is prefixed a life of the author by Doctor Johnson; this does not add anything new. Kippis, in his Biographia Britannica, followed most of the inaccuracies of the first biographer, but added some new material from his personal information. Anderson used these sources in the British Poets (1795). Robert Southey in his Life of Cowper, and William Tooke in an edition of Churchill's Works (1804) made more elaborate studies of the poet's life, but, unfortunately, were satisfied with earlier biographies or neglected to give careful references to original material. John Forster, in The Edinburgh Review (1845) pointed out many of Tooke's inaccuracies. Every biographer of Churchill from Chalmers in his English Poets to Leslie Stephen in The Dictionary of National Biography, followed Tooke, or Tooke modified by Forster. In 1903, R. F. Scott in his Admissions to the College of St. John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge, made several valuable contributions to our knowledge about the early career of the satirist. Ferdinand Putschi, in Charles Churchill, sein Leben und seine Werke (1909), had not seen Mr. Scott's book, and followed the earlier biographers.

scholarly journals Higher Education in VUCA-World: New Metaphor of University

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Korsakova
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Organizational Systems ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Organizational Ties ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The University ◽  
Current Reality

In the 21st century universities cannot survive if they simply support an established state of affairs because the modern world is described by the following relation: the rate of change tends to infinity; the transition interval tends to zero. This leads to the fact that universities cannot rest on their laurels and not change. The university that cannot construct new organizational ties loses its magnitude forever. The article describes the specific features of the new reality which are of great importance for building modern organizational systems in universities. Reference points have been being identified and that allows presenting the direction of development that meets the new requirements of the modern world to people, processes, technologies, structures, and systems accordingly to the university. Analysis of the selected reference points leads to the conclusion that in the conditions of dynamic changes and uncertainty of the world the concrete way of the vision of the university’s situation is to see it as if in the light of the modern world. A metaphor is presented, which is based on a comparison of the university internal world with the current reality. It is expressed by the acronym VUCA.

5 Models of the world: from perception to hallucination

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. e2.3-e2
Author(s):  
Paul Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Model Building ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Consultant Psychiatrist ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The World ◽  
The University ◽  
The Brain

Paul Fletcher is Wellcome Investigator and Bernard Wolfe Professor of Health Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge. He is also Director of Studies for Preclinical Medicine at Clare College and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist with the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. He studied Medicine, before carrying out specialist training in Psychiatry and taking a PhD in cognitive neuroscience. He researches human perception, learning and decision-making in health and mental illness.We do not have direct contact with external reality. We must rely on messages from the sense organs, conveying information about the state of the world and our bodies. These messages are not easy to decipher, being noisy and ambiguous, but from them we have to construct models of the world. I will discuss this challenge and how we are very adept at creating a model of reality based on achieving a balance between what our senses are telling us and our expectations of what should be the case. This is often referred to as the predictive processing framework.Relying on this balance comes at a cost, rendering us vulnerable to illusions and biases and, in more extreme cases, to creating a reality that diverges from that experienced by others. This can arise for a variety of reasons but, at the root, I suggest, lies the nature of the brain as a model-building organ. Though this divergence from reality – psychosis – often seems inexplicable and incomprehensible, I suggest that a few core principles can help us to understand it and offers ways of thinking about how phenomena like hallucinations can be understood. Interestingly, the framework suggests ways in which apparently similar phenomena like hallucinations can arise from distinct alterations to the function of a predictive processing system.

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