Marked by Violence: Hungarian Jewish Histories in the Wake of the White Terror, 1919–1922

Zutot ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Josepha Lazaroms
Keyword(s):  
World War ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Narrative Perspective ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Revolutionary Violence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
White Terror ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
First World

This essay presents a close reading of testimonies of Jewish victim-narrators in the wake of the White Terror, the counter-revolutionary violence that terrorized Hungary in the years following the First World War. It takes a narrative perspective to this remarkable set of sources by looking at how the immediate experiences of violence were narrated and placed into a larger discourse of Jewish national belonging to the Hungarian nation. As such, it brings to light the voices of unknown historical actors in the specific context of post-war Jewish Hungary, as well as in the larger history of anti-Jewish violence in the European diaspora.

Empires of Antiquities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billie Melman
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Mandate System ◽  
First World

Empires of Antiquities is a history of the rediscovery of the imperial civilizations of the ancient Near East in a modern imperial order that evolved between the outbreak of the First World War and the decolonization of the British Empire in the 1950s. It explores the ways in which near eastern antiquity was redefined and experienced, becoming the subject of imperial regulation, modes of enquiry, and international and national politics. A series of globally publicized spectacular archaeological discoveries in Iraq, Egypt, and Palestine, which the book follows, made antiquity material visible and accessible as never before. The book demonstrates that the new definition and uses of antiquity and their relations to modernity were inseparable from the emergence of the post-war international imperial order, transnational collaboration and crises, the aspirations of national groups, and collisions between them and the British mandatories. It uniquely combines a history of the internationalization of archaeology and the rise of a new “regime of antiquities” under the oversight of the League of Nations and its institutions, a history of British attitudes to, and passion for, near eastern antiquity and on-the-ground colonial policies and mechanisms, as well as nationalist claims on the past. It points to the centrality of the new mandate system, particularly mandates classified A in Mesopotamia/Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan, formerly governed by the Ottoman Empire, and of Egypt, in the new archaeological regime. Drawing on an unusually wide range of materials collected in archives in six countries, as well as on material and visual evidence, the book weaves together imperial, international, and national histories, and the history of archaeological discovery which it connects to imperial modernity.

Jews in Lithuania between the Two World Wars

2013 ◽  
pp. 253-273
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
First World

This chapter addresses the position of Jews in Lithuania between the two world wars. Although the history of inter-war Lithuania reveals many political failures, it is clear that, even during the authoritarian period, civil society continued to develop. Illiteracy was largely eradicated and impressive advances were made in social and intellectual life. In addition, land reform created a prosperous farming community whose products made up the bulk of the country's exports. The first years of Lithuanian independence were marked by a far-reaching experiment in Jewish autonomy. The experiment attracted wide attention across the Jewish world and was taken as a model by some Jewish politicians in Poland. Jewish autonomy also seemed to be in the interests of Lithuanians. The bulk of the Lithuanian lands remained largely agricultural until the First World War. Relations between Jews, who were the principal intermediaries between the town and manor and the countryside, and the mainly peasant Lithuanians took the form of a hostile symbiosis. This relationship was largely peaceful, and anti-Jewish violence was rare, although, as elsewhere, the relationship was marked by mutual contempt.

scholarly journals groot Nederlander

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-148
Author(s):  
Maarten J. Aalders
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
First World War ◽  
Personal History ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

This article dives into a part of the life and personal history of J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946), consul of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, who played a crucial role in organizing relief for Hungary in the Interbellum and the organization of the possibilities for Hungarian children to recover from the effects of post-war famine and malaise after the First World War by giving them a holiday of some months in the Netherlands. A commemorative marble plaque for him still can be found on the front of the building at the Üllői út 4 in Budapest.

Historical and Global Perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-49
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

This chapter places the incarceration of Germans in the British Empire during the First World War into global and historical context. It looks back to the birth of the practice of internment in imperial wars involving Britain, the USA, and Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It traces the path to the use of British incarceration during the First World War and demonstrates how this conflict acted as a key turning point in the history of civilian confinement, making it normal wartime practice. Civilian incarceration continued in the post-war period, especially in the fall-out from the Second World War and the collapsing colonial empires, while by the twenty-first century camps have become a weapon against refugees. The chapter demonstrates how the British Empire globalized and normalized civilian incarceration during the Great War and therefore argues that it played a key role in the normalization of this process.

The Postwar Moment

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Joshua Cole
Keyword(s):  
Local Elections ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The First World War was an important turning point in the history of French Algeria because many Algerians—both citizens and colonial subjects—participated in the war effort. The participation of Muslim Algerians in this national emergency created pressures for reform, resulting in a new law in 1919 that gave many Algerian Muslims the right to vote and run for office in local elections. This chapter explores the immediate consequences of this development along with an episode of anti-Jewish agitation in 1921 in Constantine when Muslim residents of the city refused to respond to attempts by settler anti-Semites to incite violence against the city’s Jews.

War and Economic Development: Settlers in Kenya, 1914–1918

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Overto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Decline ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Plantation Crops ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
First World

The First World War is perhaps the least studied period in the historiography of European settlement in Kenya. This paper reverses the previously held view of settler economic decline and disarray. Despite apparent problems of shipping shortages, closure of markets and loss of white manpower, settler products were grown and exported in ever-increasing quantities during the war years. The grain and livestock industries were stimulated by new wartime markets whilst plantation crops, chiefly sisal and coffee, continued the impetus of pre-war activity and substantial new planting took place. Prosperity and development, not reversal and decline, were the keynotes of the settler wartime economy. With this new evidence and understanding, it is possible to re-interpret much of the early history of colonial Kenya. The fundamental vulnerability and stuttering growth of white settlement before 1914 gave way to the gradual assertion of the settler economy over the African, with state support, during and after the war. But this assertion and growth was founded upon abnormal economic circumstances: on cheap and available labour, insatiable markets and a pre-occupied colonial state. The post-war crises of labour and market contraction, and the pre-eminence of the settler sector after 1920, therefore must be traced to this accelerated and artificial growth in the settler economy in 1914–18.

Imperialism in Decline? Tendencies in British Imperial policy between the wars

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Darwin
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Separate Identity ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The inter-war years are a nomansland in the history of British decolonization. Conventional as it is to see the first World War as a great watershed in British imperial history, separating the era of strength and success from the age of decline and dissolution, it remains difficult to show conclusively that the disintegration of the imperial system had become inevitable before the second World War. Yet historians have felt instinctively that after 1918 much of the crude self-confidence had drained out of British imperialism. The age when Curzon could proclaim heroically that ‘efficiency of administration is in my view a synonym for the contentment of the governed’; when Cromer could lecture the khedive of Egypt like a schoolboy; or when Milner could set out to demolish everything that preserved a separate identity to the Afrikaners, appears in striking contrast to the post-war era when statesmen spoke the language of trusts and mandates, genuflected before the image of self-determination and claimed that self-government was the ultimate purpose of colonial rule. But for all the piety of its new principles, post-war imperial policy seemed strangely reluctant to liberate Britain's dependencies or hold out firm promises of independence; and the imperial government periodically repressed its recalcitrant subjects with a vigour and efficiency that would have impressed Lord Kitchener.

Archbishop Lang’s Visit to the Holy Land in 1931

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 343-357
Author(s):  
Garth Turner
Keyword(s):  
Holy Land ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modus Vivendi ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

The overthrow of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War opened a new chapter in the history of the Holy Land. New and particular local tensions arose, especially in the aftermath of the Balfour Declaration between Jews and Arabs. In the post-war settlement, the British Mandate in Palestine gave rulership to a Christian power - and one with its own established Church - for the first time since the thirteenth century. Within the Christian community itself, the rise of an ecumenical movement also changed perspectives, challenging the rivalries which were particularly evident at that central shrine of Christianity, the Holy Sepulchre. The visit of Archbishop Lang of Canterbury to Palestine and Jerusalem in 1931 illustrates the primate’s own personal responses to the experience of the Holy Land, while also reflecting the need for tact and diplomacy in dealing with a particular set of circumstances in which the presence of the leader of the Anglican communion might be seen as intrusive, even threatening, to the religious modus vivendi already established there between Christians.

The Language of Anti-Semitism in the Catholic Newspapers Il Veneto Cattolico/ La Difesa in Late Nineteenth-Century Venice

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-369
Author(s):  
Ulrich Wyrwa
Keyword(s):  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
First World

The dispute between social versus religious interpretations of anti-Semitism pervaded the whole history of scholarly research. Whereas socio-historical interpretations had underlined the social aspects, current studies on anti-Semitism focus on religious motifs. The thesis that anti-Semitism was a result of a religious conflict, however, is far more alleged than substantially proved by the sources. So it seems necessary to go back to the sources. Therefore this paper analyzes the language of the Venetian Catholic newspaper Il Veneto Cattolico/ La Difesa from the foundation of the newspaper in 1867 up to the First World War. Just a few years before the term anti-Semitism was coined, Catholic journalists of Venice had created the new semantic of secular anti-Semitism. They turned back to religious issues when they tried to systematize their anti-Jewish sentiments. Thus one can observe in the coverage of the Venetian Catholic journals the invention of an anti-Semitic tradition.

The Practice of Socialist Internationalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talbot Imlay
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Issues ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

The Practice of Socialist Internationalism examines the efforts of British, French, and German socialist parties to cooperate with one another on concrete international issues. Drawing on archival research in twelve countries, it spans the years from the First World War to the early 1960s, paying particular attention to the two post-war periods (1918 to the late 1920s and 1945 to the mid-1950s), during which national and international politics were recast. During these years, European socialists operated simultaneously in national and transnational spaces, and the book explores the ways in which these two spaces overlapped. In addition to highlighting a neglected dimension of twentieth-century European socialism, it provides novel perspectives on two related subjects: the history of internationalism and the history of international politics. Scholars of internationalism focus either on state or on non-state actors (INGOs), but socialist parties constituted something of a hybrid: rooted more firmly in national politics than most INGOs, they were also more self-consciously internationalist than state actors. Just as importantly, European socialists sought to forge a new practice of international relations, one that would emerge from their collective efforts to work out ‘socialist’ approaches to pressing issues of European politics such as post-war reconstruction, European integration, and decolonization. While the extent of their success is debatable, the efforts of European socialists to identify distinct approaches act as a spotlight, illuminating obscure yet vital aspects of an issue.

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