#CPD51: ARROW Statement on SRHR and Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility, and International Migration

Author(s):  
Shadrack B. Ramokgadi

The individual choice to decide where to live bears directly on personal freedom, and the desire for survival and economic development. The right to geographic mobility is ideally safeguarded by international migration regulatory frameworks that derive from country-specific constitutions and inter-states arrangements. On the other hand, empirical evidence suggests that some countries restrict human mobility to take predetermined migration patterns. This chapter presents that the historical evolution in the relationship between the natural environment and human activities offers the opportunity to explore requirements for the successful implementation of any International Migration Regulatory Framework (IMRF). In doing so, the author contends that extant geopolitical conditions defining such relations need to be explored within state-centric political practices and civil society perceptions, put differently, through the dialogue between the state and civil society on migration processes necessary for successful implementation of regulatory framework while surfacing resources-power relationship between migratory states and citizens.


Babel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-225
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Vigier-Moreno

Abstract Globalisation, cross-border human mobility and international migration flows have prompted cross-linguistic and cross-cultural services (e.g. translation and interpreting) in all spheres of current societies, including a sector as sensitive as justice. In Spain, as in many other countries, in the last two decades, despite fierce criticism from practitioners and academics, there has been a trend for the authorities to meet these needs by outsourcing these services to private companies rather than hiring qualified professionals individually, on the grounds that this system allows for cheaper and more efficient services. This article presents the most relevant results of a research project based on the analysis of a corpus of authentic interpreter-mediated criminal proceedings, the first project of this kind in Spain. After briefly explaining how the project was carried out and how the corpus was transcribed, annotated and analysed, special attention is paid to the findings in relation to the interpreters’ performance in terms of fidelity and accuracy, and some illustrative examples are provided. The aim is to address the quality of outsourced interpreting services in Spanish criminal courts as well as to indicate areas for improvement.


Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Hernández León

En este artículo se propone la conceptuación de la industria de la migración. La industria de la migración es el conjunto de empresarios, negocios e infraestructuras que, motivados por la búsqueda de ganancias económicas, prestan servicios que facilitan y sostienen la migración internacional. Aunque la industria de la migración ha estado presente y entretejida en la literatura sobre la movilidad humana internacional desde hace mucho tiempo, las teorías de la migración la han tratado como un objeto de estudio marginal y la han reducido a sus dimensiones de ilegalidad e informalidad. En este artículo se argumenta en favor de una conceptuación exhaustiva de dicha industria, en la que se incluyen las actividades legales, ilegales, formales e informales y la interacción y articulación de la industria de la migración con los actores clave del proceso social de la migración internacional: gobiernos, empleadores, migrantes y sus redes y organizaciones defensoras de migrantes.Abstract: This article proposes the conceptualization of the term migration industry. Migration industry is the set of entrepreneurs, businesses and infrastructures that, driven by financial gain, offer services which facilitates and support international migration. Even though the concept of migration industry has long been present and intertwined with the literature on international human mobility, migration theories have always treated it as a marginal object of study and have reduced it to its illegal and informal dimensions. This article gives arguments in favor of an exhaustive conceptualization of this industry, which includes legal, illegal, formal and informal activities, and the interaction and articulation of the migration industry with the key actors of the social process of international migration: governments, employers, migrants and their networks, as well as organizations that advocate the defense of migrants.Résumé : Cet article propose la conceptualisation du terme industrie de la migration. L’industrie de la migration est l’ensemble des entrepreneurs, des affaires et des infrastructures qui, motivés par l’obtention de profits économiques, offrent des services qui facilitent et soutiennent la migration internationale. Même s’il y a longtemps que le concept d’industrie de la migration est présent et entremêlé à la littérature sur la mobilité humaine internationale, les théories de migration l’ont toujours traité comme un objet d’étude marginal en le réduisant à l’illégalité et aux affaires informelles. Dans cet article on donne des arguments à faveur d’une conceptualisation exhaustive de cette industrie qui inclut les activités légales, illégales, formelles et informelles. On traite aussi de l’interaction et de l’articulation de l’industrie de la migration avec les acteurs clé du processus social de la migration internationale : les gouvernements, les employeurs, les migrants et leurs réseaux, et les organisations de défense des migrants.


Author(s):  
Jeannette Money ◽  
Sara S. Kazemian ◽  
Timothy W. Taylor

Although migration has been a human phenomenon from time immemorial, international migration in the contemporary sense is usually dated from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which created a state system and the concept of state sovereignty with the associated power to control borders. Migration is usually divided into two categories, “forced” and “voluntary.” This is a useful dividing line, even though it is widely acknowledged that migrants have multiple reasons for moving and that there is often no clear dividing line to distinguish “forced” versus “voluntary” migrants. This article covers only voluntary international migration, both short term and long term. It does not cover the research on forced migration flows (refugees and asylum seekers) as defined in the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 and 1967). International migration—defined as individuals living outside their country of origin for more than one year—remains the exception rather than the rule. The decline of transportation and communication costs has increased human mobility, with international travel expanding exponentially since the Second World War. Although the absolute number of migrants continues to increase, as a proportion of the population, international migration has remained relatively stable, running around 3 percent of the global population. International migrants travel in all directions, with at least half moving within the Global South. However, the distribution of international migrants is not uniform; typically migrants move from poorer, more unstable states to wealthier, more stable states. And international migration has become a salient political issue virtually everywhere: in receiving societies, in sending societies, and even in transit societies. So a bibliographical article on the various dimensions of international migration is timely. In this second edition, updated through June 2019, the citations in each section have expanded and sections have been added to reflect the breadth and depth of contemporary research. Subsequent to the overview of international migration and migration processes, the literature is organized around six themes: the economic consequences of immigration; immigration control and enforcement; specific migration flows; immigrant incorporation; migration governance, including migrant rights; and linkages between international migration and other international issues, such as security, trade, aid, and development. This article reflects scholarship on international migration produced in the Global North and/or published in globally prominent scholarly journals. Additional resources, in regional or national journals and books, are often referenced in the articles and books cited in this bibliography.


AJIL Unbound ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 349-353
Author(s):  
Ian M. Kysel ◽  
Chantal Thomas

One measure of how and whether the COVID-19 pandemic reshapes the emerging field of international migration law will be the extent to which transnational civil society and activist movements can counteract the intensification of state border controls that the pandemic has triggered. Before the pandemic, transnational efforts to establish a new normative framework for migration seemed to be accelerating. These efforts included new, if non-binding, global compacts on refugees and migration, and new, if modest, efforts at facilitating global cooperation, alongside innovative approaches to scholarly engagement. Such developments arguably contributed to an emerging framework for protecting migrants under international law. Has the pandemic defeated this potential? State responses to the pandemic have eschewed multilateralism, brought migration to a near standstill, and ignored well-established human rights obligations. Moreover, states are poised to deploy a range of new border management technologies and even more assertively manage migration in the name of “health proofing” borders. Yet at the same time, some progressive state practices have emerged alongside a call from the UN Secretary-General to “reimagine human mobility for the benefit of all.” In this essay, we chart some areas of potentially progressive expansion beyond the status quo, noting not only the substance but also the process by which these norms are emerging.


Tempo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-598
Author(s):  
Menara Lube Guizardi

Abstract: The article analyzes the historical changes in the formulation of migration policies between the 19th and 21st centuries, summarizing the emergency of an “age of migration crisis”. The first section discusses why international migration poses a destabilizing problem for the Nation-state political conceptions. The second section emphasizes the intrinsic articulation of the global changes in human mobility and their political governance between the 19th and 20th centuries, identifying the four prevailing political paradigms on migrant cultural diversity that shaped public policies in the 20th century. The third and fourth sections deal with the emergence of the fifth cycle of international migration policies, which is characterized by the generalization of a global discourse that criminalizes migrants and refugees. The above will be followed by a critical perspective of the way migration has been treated in some Latin American countries.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Sophie Peters ◽  
Báltica Cabieses ◽  
Orlando Ramirez ◽  
Eleonora Uphoff ◽  
María Paz Acuña ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) is considered a serious threat to public health worldwide. The relation between AMR and human mobility, particularly international migration, has drawn attention from the scientific community in recent years. However, several aspects about this relation remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed at expanding and updating previous systematic review studies, with a novel focus on the AMR prevalence in migrants compared to the local population of the host country, to examine external validity of previous findings.Methods: We searched in Ovid MEDLINE all types of observational studies, without language or year of publication restrictions. We aimed at exploring differences in countries´ bacterial drug resistance rates based on immigration rates. All types of AMR were included, except for those related to HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. The comparator group of interest was the local population of the host country. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018114436. Results: After screening of 322 articles, 15 papers were selected for data extraction, including 1930 migrants. Compared to the local population, higher rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive strains, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and having at least one multidrug-resistant organism were found in migrants in 12 of the 15 papers. Rates of AMR did not differ significantly in two studies and only one of them reported a lower burden of AMR in migrants.Conclusions: Higher prevalence of AMR in migrants were presented in the majority of the included articles, addressing the emerge of the circulation of resistant strains within this group. More detailed descriptions, including time span and route taken by migrants to arrive to country of destination and length of stay by the time of inclusion are essential to gain a deeper understanding of the relation in between AMR and migration. Countries with high migration rates outside Europe should be encouraged to implement strategies for screening of both local population and migrants in countries.


2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Jeffrey H. Cohen

We approach Turkish mobility using a culture of migration perspective with reference to conflict. Conflicts are defined broadly into an array of situations including minor disputes, tensions or latent conflicts on the one hand and major violent events on the other. These situations, defined along a security continuum shape individual perceptions. Increasing perceptions of human insecurity are positively correlated to a rise in migration propensity. Applied to Turkey’s international migration history we note that major conflicts have determined inflows and outflows of populations and created a Turkish culture of migration, which reinforces continuous population flows between countries of destination and origin. Migration flows between Germany and Turkey are exemplary in this regard.


Author(s):  
Pia Oberoi

Response to the ATR Debate Proposition: ‘It is important and necessary to make clear distinctions between (irregular) migrants, refugees and trafficked persons.’ The international community has recently taken steps to agree two intergovernmental compacts, which together are intended to revitalise the global governance of migration and asylum. The Global Compact on Refugees seeks to strengthen international cooperation on the refugee regime, while the Global Compact for Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration aims to establish principles, commitments and understandings among Member States regarding international migration in all its dimensions. The compacts have been brought into existence against a backdrop of widespread and increasingly systematic human rights violations committed against migrants by state officials, traffickers and other criminals, and leading to what has been called ‘one of the greatest human tragedies of our time’. At the same time, the very bifurcation of the compacts into two ‘separate, distinct and independent’ agreements rests on a set of assumptions that could distort rather than illuminate the complex issue of contemporary human mobility.


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