Raqqa: The Forgotten Excavation of an Islamic Site in Syria by the Ottoman Imperial Museum in the Early Twentieth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşin Yoltar-Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Raqqa, in Syria, was the only Islamic site excavated by the Ottoman Imperial Museum during its existence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although the Imperial Museum may not have been searching specifically for an Islamic site of the medieval period to excavate, its response to the plundering of Raqqa, which began as early as 1899, was to pursue an archaeological excavation in a systematic manner. Two campaigns were conducted, under the directorships of Macridy and Haydar Bey, in 1905–6 and 1908 respectively. Although not lasting more than a couple of months, they were relatively important from the perspective of the Imperial Museum and Islamic archaeology at that time. This article focuses on the history of these Raqqa excavations, namely, the reasons the Imperial Museum began excavating there, how it conducted its excavations, and, finally, the finds and the way they were displayed at the Museum. Existing archival documents on the excavation, along with the earliest inventories of the finds in the Imperial Museum and the personal letters of Macridy, all hitherto unpublished, are analyzed in order to shed light on these long forgotten excavations.

scholarly journals The Museum of Safety: Responsibility, Awareness and Modernity in New York, 1908–1923

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-938
Author(s):  
ROSS WILSON
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Safety Devices ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

This article examines the construction, the development and the denouement of the Museum of Safety in New York during the early twentieth century. Through a detailed assessment of the institution's own bulletin, newspapers and accompanying literature, the manner in which the museum served its visitors, promoted its cause and failed to secure its own future will be examined. The significance of this institution has been overlooked despite the way its role and responsibilities in exhibiting safety devices and procedures to industry, workers and the public reflect important trends within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century society. The Museum of Safety also emerged as the effects of capitalism, immigration and industrialization began to be addressed. Examining the history of this “lost museum” will, therefore, reveal how responsibility, awareness and modernity were encountered in New York.

The Institution of Meter

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Martin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
English Poetry ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Gerard Manley Hopkins ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Measure ◽  
Successes And Failures ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins with a discussion of metrical mastery, outlining the way that Robert Bridges's intervention in his best-selling treatise Milton's Prosody expanded and popularized the theories that he and Gerard Manley Hopkins discussed together. It shows how Bridges and his influential competitor, George Saintsbury, were jostling for position during the height of the prosody wars between 1900 and 1910, and how their successes and failures characterize much of our contemporary thinking about early twentieth-century prosody. Author of the three-volume History of English Prosody (1906–10), Saintsbury was a prime mover in both the foundation of English literary study and the institutionalization of the “foot” as the primary measure of English poetry. Infused with Edwardian-era military rhetoric, Sainstbury's foot marched to a particularly English rhythm, which he traced through the ages with wit and martial vigor.

Concepts of race in the Historicography of northeast Africa

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyatt Macgaffey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Recent accounts of the proto-history of Africa use data from physical anthropology, but also concepts of race which physical anthropologists in general have abandoned as unsatisfactory; the paper seeks to explain this phenomenon sociologically. Late nineteenth-century political and sociological trends helped to produce patterns of thought which can no longer be regarded as affording adequate explanations of social processes. These patterns combined idealism, or the method of contrasting ideal types, with pseudo-Darwinism, which sought the origins of political development in the interaction of differently endowed groups. In African ethnography of the early twentieth century such concepts led to the view that the continent was inhabited by two groups, Caucasoids and Negroids, and by mixtures of the two which remained mixtures, to be analysed as such. The Caucasoid and Negroid types were regarded as absolute and universal, represented equally in the biological, linguistic, cultural and political aspects of man.

Debating the Legal Status of the Ornaments Rubric: Ritualism and Royal Commissions in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 434-454
Author(s):  
Dan D. Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Parliamentary Oversight ◽  
The Church

This article uses the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to explore the emergence of claims to self-governance within the Church of England in this period and the attempts by parliament to examine how independent the legal system of the church was from the secular state. First, it gives an overview of the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the various editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Acts of Uniformity, presenting the legal uncertainty left by centuries of Prayer Book revision. It then explores how the Royal Commission into Ritualism (1867–70) and the Public Worship Regulation Act (1874) attempted to control Ritualist interpretations of the Ornaments Rubric through secular courts. Examining the failure of these attempts, it looks towards the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline (1904–6). Through the evidence given to the commission, it shows how the previous royal commission and the work of parliament and the courts had failed to stop the continuation of Ritualist belief in the church's independence from secular courts. Using the report of the royal commission, it shows how the commissioners attempted to build a via media between strict spiritual independence and complete parliamentary oversight.

A PRACTICAL TURN: ELIE HALEVY'S EMBRACE OF POLITICS AND HISTORY

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-171
Author(s):  
JOEL REVILL
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Britain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
English Politics

Elie Halévy's legacy is bounded by the two primary objects of his scholarly interest: the history of modern Britain and the study of French socialist doctrines. Taken together, his writings on temperate English politics and occasionally intemperate French socialists cemented his status as a leading French liberal of his generation. Read out of context, the tone of his criticism of wartime socialization and the growth of wartime governments has given him a conservative reputation in some circles and inspired a backlash among historians seeking a more progressive Halévy in his prewar writings. Meanwhile, the depth of his historical study of Britain has elicited several discussions of Halévy's turn from philosophy to history at the end of the 1890s. The portrait of Halévy that emerges in light of his historical studies of England and of French socialism is detailed, accurate, and flattering, but, like any portrait, it is incomplete. Before he was a historian, Halévy was a philosopher, and before he mastered his craft in the early twentieth century, Halévy struggled to find his voice in the late nineteenth.

“The Letter Said That My Wife Had Died”

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Marìa Bjerg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shed Light

Based on two trials for bigamy involving European immigrants in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Argentina, this chapter illustrates how emotions affected transnational marital relations and how different meanings of love, and its mutations into myriad less positive feelings, shaped migration. In the context of migration and family—a site of intimacy and affection, but also one of disagreement, contest, deceit, and heartbreak—the experience of bigamists and their betrayed spouses reveal the multiple complexities of leaving one’s family and of being left behind, and shed light on the encounter of immigrants with the emotional standards of the Argentine society.

Avoiding Ribā: Credit and Custodianship in Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth Century ḥaḍramawt

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Boxberger
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Arabia ◽  
Economic Need ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Economic Institution

AbstractThis essay examines a little-known economic institution known as ʿuhda sale which was highly elaborated in the ḥaḍramawt region of southern Arabia, where it was used to facilitate the availability of credit by allowing people to benefit from extending credit without breaking the Qurʾānic prohibition of Ribā. After considering the history of the practice in ḥaḍramawt and controversies associated with it, I analyze how the transactions worked and who participated in them, as reflected in nineteenth- and twentieth-century contracts. In addition, evidence culled from contemporary fatāwā shed light on some of the questions and problems which arose in the course of these transactions. The ʿuhda transaction in ḥaḍramawt illustrates the development of a utilitarian economic institution through the combined influences of local usage based on practical needs and local juristic decisions as to religious legitimacy. The transaction exemplifies the flexibility of the local legal system in response to economic need and social practice. It also illustrates the degree to which people of different genders, ages, and social backgrounds participated in financial transactions in this society.

scholarly journals Towards a Critical History of Connection: The Port of Colombo, the Geographical “Circuit,” and the Visual Politics of New Imperialism, ca. 1880–1914

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujit Sivasundaram
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Infrastructural Development ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Visual Politics ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Imperialism ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractConnections, circuits, webs, and networks: these are concepts that are overused in today's world histories. Working from a commitment to reflexive historicization, this paper points to one moment in the consolidation of these terms: the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century visual politics of “new imperialism.” Utilizing photographs, engravings, postcards, letters, and colonial documents, the paper argues that connection was mesmerizing and can still mesmerize the historian. Being connected became possible because of visual and infrastructural projects that allowed the production and consumption of lines that literally cut sea and land. At a time of high empire, and in accordance with the dictates of Imperial Geography, particular locales or “nodes” were thus positioned in the “global.” To mount this critique of our language, the paper focuses on the infrastructural development of the port of Colombo, alongside the thinking of Halford Mackinder, the building of breakwaters in Colombo, the arrival of mass tourism, projections of capitalist improvement for the business of transshipment, and the use of the port by Indian laborers on their way to Ceylon's highland plantations. By attending to the place where connection is wrought, its material workings, and its traces in the visual, intellectual, and capitalist archive, it is argued that connectivity's forgettings and displacements come more forcefully into view. If connection had an evacuating character and could be so imperialist, what of its status in our writings?

John Redfern and Sons, 1847 to 1892

Costume ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan North
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Courtauld Institute

John Redfern's name appears frequently in the history of couture and late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fashion, but information on his business is limited. The following is based on research done for the author's MA in the history of dress at the Courtauld Institute in 1993. It examines John Redfern's early years as a draper and how by 1892, he had become the leading ladies' tailor in Britain and France.

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