Beyond the Non-Specific Attentional Effect of Caloric Vestibular Stimulation: Evidence from Healthy Subjects and Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 591-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Bottini ◽  
Martina Gandola
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
General Arousal ◽  
Ocular Movements ◽  
Caloric Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
New Findings

Caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) is a simple physiological manipulation that has been used for a long time in different clinical fields due to its rapid and relevant effects on behaviour. One of the most debated issues in this research field concerns the degree of specificity of such stimulation, namely whether the effects of CVS can be, and to what extent are, independent of the mere influence of non-specific factors such as general arousal, ocular movements or attentional shift towards the stimulated side. The hypothesis that CVS might cause a shift of attention towards the side of the stimulation has been largely supported; moreover, a large amount of evidence is available nowadays to corroborate the specific effect of CVS, providing behavioural and neurophysiological data in both patients and normal subjects. These data converge in indicating that the effects of CVS can be independent of eye deviation and general arousal, can modulate different symptoms in different directions, and do not merely depend on a general shift of attention. The present article is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we describe classical studies that investigate the effects of CVS on neglect and related symptoms. In the second and third parts, we provide an overview of the modulatory effects of CVS on somatosensory processes and body representation in both brain-damaged patients and healthy subjects. Finally, we conclude by discussing the relevance of these new findings for the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of CVS.

El tiempo de tránsito del pulso detecta cambios en la presión arterial en respuesta a estimulación eléctrica vestibular y cambio de postura

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
A. C. Pliego
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pulse Transit Time ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Inflatable Cuff ◽  
Dynamic Experiments ◽  
Stimulation Period ◽  
Vestibular Organs

The interaction of the vestibular organs with the cardiovascular system is a relevant research field with clinical applications that contribute to the understanding of cardiovascular modulation due to movement and posture. The current noninvasive measurement of blood pressure (BP) consists of an inflatable cuff that is unsuitable to perform movement tasks. However, Pulse-Transit Time (PTT), an indirect method that estimates BP from electrocardiographic (ECG) and photoplethysmographic (PPG) recordings, may detect BP variations during dynamic experiments. Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is considered an analog to mechanical stimulation. Research with GVS has been done involving static and dynamic tasks. Our study aims to determine if PTT is a suitable method to be included in GVS experiments to detect BP modulation. PTT was calculated from 16 healthy subjects during GVS; stimulation was applied while seated and standing. PTT increased during the stimulation period in both positions. The increase was statistically significant only for subjects standing. These findings are following previous GVS studies that monitor BP invasively in animal models. As we expected, an increase in PTT during GVS was observed. Additionally, the increase was slightly different for subjects seated and standing. Overall, results indicate that PTT is an effective method to estimate transient BP changes during GVS.

Responses of Platelets to Strains of Streptococcus sanguis: Findings in Healthy Subjects, Bernard-Soulier, Glanzmann’s, and Collagen-Unresponsive Patients

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (02) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Soberay ◽  
M C Herzberg ◽  
J D Rudney ◽  
H K Nieuwenhuis ◽  
J J Sixma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Membrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Platelet Response ◽  
Induce Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguis ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
Bernard Soulier Syndrome

SummaryThe ability of endocarditis and dental strains of Streptococcus sanguis to induce platelet aggregation in plasma (PRP) from normal subjects were examined and compared to responses of PRP with known platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) and response defects. S. sanguis strains differed in their ability to induce normal PRPs to aggregate. Strains that induced PRP aggregation in more than 60% of donors were significantly faster agonists (mean lag times to onset of aggregation less than 6 min) than those strains inducing response in PRPs of fewer than 60% of donors.Platelets from patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome aggregated in response to strains of S. sanguis. In contrast, platelets from patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia and from a patient with a specific defect in response to collagen were unresponsive to S. sanguis. These observations show that GPIb and V are not essential, but GPIIb-IIIa and GPIa are important in the platelet response mechanism to S. sanguis. Indeed, the data suggests that the platelet interaction mechanisms of S. sanguis and collagen may be similar.

scholarly journals Caloric vestibular stimulation in aphasic syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wilkinson ◽  
Rachael Morris ◽  
William Milberg ◽  
Mohamed Sakel
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Caloric Vestibular Stimulation

scholarly journals Effects of caloric vestibular stimulation on serotoninergic system in the media vestibular nuclei of guinea pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-rong MA ◽  
Jun-xiu LIU ◽  
Xue-pei LI ◽  
Jian-jun MAO ◽  
Qun-dan ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Serotoninergic System ◽  
Caloric Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Media

scholarly journals The Cardiovascular Phenotype in Fabry Disease: New Findings in the Research Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1331
Author(s):  
Daniela Sorriento ◽  
Guido Iaccarino
Keyword(s):  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cardiac Cell ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Clinical Level ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Alpha Gene ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, depending on defects in alpha-galactosidase A (GAL) activity. At the clinical level, FD shows a high phenotype variability. Among them, cardiovascular dysfunction is often recurrent or, in some cases, is the sole symptom (cardiac variant) representing the leading cause of death in Fabry patients. The existing therapies, besides specific symptomatic treatments, are mainly based on the restoration of GAL activity. Indeed, mutations of the galactosidase alpha gene (GLA) cause a reduction or lack of GAL activity leading to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation in several organs. However, several other mechanisms are involved in FD’s development and progression that could become useful targets for therapeutics. This review discusses FD’s cardiovascular phenotype and the last findings on molecular mechanisms that accelerate cardiac cell damage.

Transport of Heat in Caloric Vestibular Stimulation. Conduction, Convection or Radiation?

1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Feldmann ◽  
K. B. Hüttenbrink ◽  
K. W. Delank
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Caloric Vestibular Stimulation

scholarly journals Effect of Eye-Object Distance on Body Sway during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Aoki ◽  
Yoshitaka Otani ◽  
Shinichiro Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Object Distance

Gazing at objects at a near distance (small eye-object distance) can reduce body sway. However, whether body sway is regulated by movement in the mediolateral or anteroposterior direction remains unclear. Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can induce body tilting in the mediolateral or anteroposterior direction. This study examined the directionality of the eye-object distance effect, using body-tilting GVS manipulations. Ten healthy subjects (aged 21.1 ± 0.3 years) stood on a force plate covered with a piece of foamed rubber and either closed their eyes or gazed at a marker located 0.5 m, 1.0 m, or 1.5 m in front of them. The GVS polarities were set to evoke rightward, forward, and backward body tilts. To compare the effects of eye-object distance in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions, the root mean square (RMS) of the center of pressure (COP) without GVS was subtracted from the COP RMS during GVS. For swaying in the mediolateral direction, significant visual condition-related differences were found during rightward and forward GVS (p < 0.05). Thus, reductions in mediolateral body sway are more evident for smaller eye-object distances during rightward GVS. It would be appropriate to use body-tilting GVS to detect the directionality of the eye-object distance effect.

scholarly journals Infant and Child MRI: A Review of Scanning Procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Copeland ◽  
Eero Silver ◽  
Riikka Korja ◽  
Satu J. Lehtola ◽  
Harri Merisaari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Scanning Procedure ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe method to examine human brain. However, a typical MR scan is very sensitive to motion, and it requires the subject to lie still during the acquisition, which is a major challenge for pediatric scans. Consequently, in a clinical setting, sedation or general anesthesia is often used. In the research setting including healthy subjects anesthetics are not recommended for ethical reasons and potential longer-term harm. Here we review the methods used to prepare a child for an MRI scan, but also on the techniques and tools used during the scanning to enable a successful scan. Additionally, we critically evaluate how studies have reported the scanning procedure and success of scanning. We searched articles based on special subject headings from PubMed and identified 86 studies using brain MRI in healthy subjects between 0 and 6 years of age. Scan preparations expectedly depended on subject’s age; infants and young children were scanned asleep after feeding and swaddling and older children were scanned awake. Comparing the efficiency of different procedures was difficult because of the heterogeneous reporting of the used methods and the success rates. Based on this review, we recommend more detailed reporting of scanning procedure to help find out which are the factors affecting the success of scanning. In the long term, this could help the research field to get high quality data, but also the clinical field to reduce the use of anesthetics. Finally, we introduce the protocol used in scanning 2 to 5-week-old infants in the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, and tips for calming neonates during the scans.

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