Effects of Bleaching Associated with Er:YAG and Nd:YAG Laser on Enamel Structure and Bacterial Biofilm Formation

Objective. To compare the effects of bleaching associated with Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser on enamel structure and mixed biofilm formation on teeth surfaces. Materials and Methods. Sixty-eight enamel samples were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 17 ), control, Opalescence Boost only, Opalescence Boost plus Er: YAG laser, and Opalescence Boost plus Nd:YAG laser. The structure was observed using SEM after bleaching. Subsequently, the treated enamel samples were also cultured in suspensions of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) for 24 and 48 h. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining, and the structure was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Results. The enamel structure significantly changed after bleaching. There was no obvious difference in the biofilm formation after 24 h; however, after 48 hours, the amount of biofilm increased significantly. Remarkably, the amount was significantly higher on enamel bleached only, however, there was no significant difference between samples bleached with Er:YAG or Nd:YAG laser compared to the control. Conclusions. Bleaching only appeared to markedly promote biofilm formation after 48 h, and the biofilms on samples bleached with Er:YAG or Nd:YAG laser did not change significantly, showing that bleaching with Er:YAG or Nd:YAG laser can be safely applied in clinical practice.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI PENYABAB KARIES GIGI Streptococcus sanguis

AbstrakJambu biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) adalah tanaman obat yang digunakan didaerah tropis dan subtropis untuk mengobati banyak gagguan kesehatan. Ekstrak daun jambu biji putih mengandung senyawa yang memiliki antibakteri. Namun dari fraksi daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) saat ini belum diketahui khasiat antibakteri penyebab karies gigi yaitu Streptococcus sanguis. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan difusi cakram (Kirby-bauer), dimana media Nutrient Broth yang sudah dibiakkan dengan bakteri Streptococcus sanguis dan diinkubasikan selama 24 jam. Kontrol positif menggunakan ampicillin, kontrol negatif menggunakan DMSO, serta sampel uji yakni fraksi etil asetat. Zona hambat diukur menggunakan jangka sorong millimeter. Uji lanjutan dengan mengukur KHM dari senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas tertinggi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri, dilakukan dengan metode dilusi cair. Media Nutrien Broth yang sudah dibiaakkan S. sanguis diberikan konsentrasi ekstrak masing-masing 5 %,10 %, 15 %, 20 % dan 25 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukan fraksi etil asetat daun jambu biji memiliki aktivitas dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dengan rerata zona hambat 16.00 ± 0.719 mm pada bakteri S. sanguis. Dilanjutkan dengan uji KHM dengan nilai KHM 15 %. Uji kebocoran asam nukleat dan protein menunjukkan adanya kebocoran sel pada bakteri pada nilai 1 KHM dan 2 KHM.Kata kunci : Fraksi; daun jambu biji; Psidium guajava Linn; Streptococcus sanguis

Antimicrobial efficacy of neem and liquorice with chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces naeslundii – An In Vitro Study

The study was to formulate 2% neem and 2% liquorice mouthwashes and to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of these mouthwashes with the standard 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Alcoholic solution was prepared and added to neem mixture and liquorice mixture separately and made up to a volume of 16000 ml with purified water. Nine dilutions of each drug were done with Brain heart infusion broth (BHI) for MIC. Culture suspension was added in each serially diluted tube of 200 μl. The tubes were incubated for 24 hours and observed for turbidity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2% neem, 2% liquorice and 0.2% chlorhexidine against Lactobacillus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans is determined by serial dilution analysis. Streptococcus mutans shows sensitivity to all three mouthwashes at a concentration starting from 0.2 μg/ml. Lactobacillus shows sensitivity to neem and chlorhexidine mouthwashes at a concentration starting from 1.6 μg/ml, whereas liquorice is effective at a concentration starting from 3.125 μg/ml. Streptococcus sanguis shows sensitivity to chlorhexidine and liquorice mouthwashes at a concentration starting from 25 μg/ml, whereas it shows sensitivity to neem at a concentration starting from 50 μg/ml. Actinomyces naeslundii shows sensitivity to chlorhexidine and neem mouthwashes at a concentration starting from 1.6 μg/ml, whereas it shows sensitivity to liquorice at a concentration starting from 3.125μg/ml. Analysis showed an inhibition of all the four strains by the mouthwashes. The MIC for the studied mouthwashes was found to be similar to that of 0.2% chlorhexidine.

An In Vitro Analysis of Sodium Hypochlorite Decontamination for the Reuse of Implant Healing Abutments

The re-use of healing abutments (HAs) has become common practice in implant dentistry for economic concerns and the aim of this in-vitro study was to assess the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in decontamination of HAs. 122 HAs (Used and sterilized n=107; New n=15) were procured from 3 centers, of which 3 samples were discarded due to perforation in sterilization pouch. For sterility assessment, the used HAs (n=80) were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), bacterial isolates were identified in 7 samples. Also, 24 used HAs were stained with Phloxine B, photographed and compared to new HAs (n=5). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) assessed the differences between the two sets of HAs, following which the 7 contaminated HAs along with 24 used HAs from staining experiment (Total=31) were subsequently treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SEM images were observed. About 8.75% of HAs tested positive in bacterial culture; Streptococcus sanguis, Dermabacter hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Aspergillus species were isolated. Phloxine B staining was positive for used and sterilized HAs when compared to controls. The SEM images revealed deposits in the used HAs and although treatment with NaOCl eliminated the contamination of cultured HAs, the SEM showed visible debris in the HA thread region. This in-vitro study concluded that SEM images showed debris in used HAs at screw-hole and thread regions even though they tested negative in bacterial culture. The treatment with NaOCl of used HAs showed no bacterial contamination but the debris was observed in SEM images. Future studies on the chemical composition, biological implications, and clinical influence is warranted before considering the reuse of HAs.

Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pepaya California (Carica Papaya L) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Sanguis Secara In Vitro

Masalah kesehatan gigi selalu memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan bagi kesehatan dan kesejahteraan individu. Peningkatan kebersihan mulut merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk dievaluasi di masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk menurunkan tingginya penyebaran penyakit infeksi. Hal ini sudah menjadi polemik kesehatan yang masih menjadi tugas besar bagi dunia kesehatan. Maka dari itu banyak peneliti tertarik untuk memanfaakan bahan alami sebagai alternatif selain antibiotik yang jauh lebih aman dari bahan kimia. Bahan alami juga lebih mudah untuk didapatkan dengan harga yang relatif terjangkau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun pepaya California terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus sanguis. Ekstrak daun pepaya california diekstrak dengan metode maserasi dan dibagi menjadi beberapa konsentrasi yaitu 40%, 60% dan 80%. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji efektivitas antibakteri dengan metode disc diffusion (Tes Kirby-Bauer). Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik one way ANOVA menunjukkan nilai signifikansi p=0.0000 (p<0.05) terhadap ketiga kelompok konsentrasi dari ekstrak. Hal ini berarti rata-rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak daun pepaya California di semua konsentrasi, yaitu 40%, 60%, dan 80%, ada perbedaan secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus sanguis dimana rata-rata diameter zona hambat ketiga kelompok tersebut adalah 8,67±0,2160 mm, 9,85±0,1643 mm, 10,58±0,1941 mm. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak daun pepaya dengan konsentrasi 80% terbukti menunjukkan daya hambat yang paling tinggi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus sanguis.