scholarly journals Assessing the Role of Emotional Mediation in Explaining Crossmodal Correspondences Involving Musical Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Crossmodal Associations ◽  
Simple Features

Abstract A wide variety of crossmodal correspondences, defined as the often surprising connections that people appear to experience between simple features, attributes, or dimensions of experience, either physically present or else merely imagined, in different sensory modalities, have been demonstrated in recent years. However, a number of crossmodal correspondences have also been documented between more complex (i.e., multi-component) stimuli, such as, for example, pieces of music and paintings. In this review, the extensive evidence supporting the emotional mediation account of the crossmodal correspondences between musical stimuli (mostly pre-recorded short classical music excerpts) and visual stimuli, including colour patches through to, on occasion, paintings, is critically evaluated. According to the emotional mediation account, it is the emotional associations that people have with stimuli that constitutes one of the fundamental bases on which crossmodal associations are established. Taken together, the literature that has been published to date supports emotional mediation as one of the key factors underlying the crossmodal correspondences involving emotionally-valenced stimuli, both simple and complex.

scholarly journals On the Relative Nature of (Pitch-Based) Crossmodal Correspondences

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
One To One ◽  
Crossmodal Associations

Abstract This review deals with the question of the relative vs absolute nature of crossmodal correspondences, with a specific focus on those correspondences involving the auditory dimension of pitch. Crossmodal correspondences have been defined as the often-surprising crossmodal associations that people experience between features, attributes, or dimensions of experience in different sensory modalities, when either physically present, or else merely imagined. In the literature, crossmodal correspondences have often been contrasted with synaesthesia in that the former are frequently said to be relative phenomena (e.g., it is the higher-pitched of two sounds that is matched with the smaller of two visual stimuli, say, rather than there being a specific one-to-one crossmodal mapping between a particular pitch of sound and size of object). By contrast, in the case of synaesthesia, the idiosyncratic mapping between inducer and concurrent tends to be absolute (e.g., it is a particular sonic inducer that elicits a specific colour concurrent). However, a closer analysis of the literature soon reveals that the distinction between relative and absolute in the case of crossmodal correspondences may not be as clear-cut as some commentators would have us believe. Furthermore, it is important to note that the relative vs absolute question may receive different answers depending on the particular (class of) correspondence under empirical investigation.

Evaluative similarity hypothesis of crossmodal correspondences: A developmental view

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Similarity Hypothesis ◽  
Visual Patterns ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Crossmodal Associations

Crossmodal correspondences have been widely demonstrated, although mechanisms that stand behind the phenomenon have not been fully established yet. According to the Evaluative similarity hypothesis crossmodal correspondences are influenced by evaluative (affective) similarity of stimuli from different sensory modalities (Jankovic, 2010, Journal of Vision 10(7), 859). From this view, detection of similar evaluative information in stimulation from different sensory modalities facilitates crossmodal correspondences and multisensory integration. The aim of this study was to explore the evaluative similarity hypothesis of crossmodal correspondences in children. In Experiment 1 two groups of participants (nine- and thirteen-year-olds) were asked to make explicit matches between presented auditory stimuli (1 s long sound clips) and abstract visual patterns. In Experiment 2 the same participants judged abstract visual patterns and auditory stimuli on the set of evaluative attributes measuring affective valence and arousal. The results showed that crossmodal correspondences are mostly influenced by evaluative similarity of visual and auditory stimuli in both age groups. The most frequently matched were visual and auditory stimuli congruent in both valence and arousal, followed by stimuli congruent in valence, and finally stimuli congruent in arousal. Evaluatively incongruent stimuli demonstrated low crossmodal associations especially in older group.

scholarly journals Cross-modal temporal biases emerge during early sensitive periods

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Badde ◽  
Pia Ley ◽  
Siddhart S Rajendran ◽  
Idris Shareef ◽  
Ramesh Kekunnaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Sustained Effects ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Transient Loss

AbstractHuman perception features stable biases, such as perceiving visual events as later than synchronous auditory events. The origin of such perceptual biases is unknown, they could be innate or shaped by sensory experience during a sensitive period. To investigate the role of sensory experience, we tested whether a congenital, transient loss of vision, caused by bilateral dense cataracts, has sustained effects on the ability to order events spatio-temporally within and across sensory modalities. Most strikingly, individuals with reversed congenital cataracts showed a bias towards perceiving visual stimuli as occurring earlier than auditory (Exp. 1) and tactile (Exp. 2) stimuli. In contrast, both normally sighted controls and individuals who could see at birth but developed cataracts during childhood reported the typical bias of perceiving vision as delayed compared to audition. Thus, we provide strong evidence that cross-modal temporal perceptual biases depend on sensory experience and emerge during an early sensitive period.

scholarly journals Function of a multimodal signal: a multiple-hypotheses test using an electromechanical robot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Caldart ◽  
Mauricio Beux dos Santos ◽  
Glauco Machado
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Multimodal Signals ◽  
Heterogeneous Habitats ◽  
Territory Defence ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Aggressive Calls

1. Many animal species communicate using multimodal signals, which are composed of two or more components emitted and interpreted through different sensory modalities. The main types of selective pressures leading to the evolution of multimodal signals are: (1) content-based, when combined components convey information about the signaller, (2) efficacy-based, when combined components increase the efficacy of signal transmission or processing, and (3) inter-signal interaction, when combined components act in concert to elicit a receiver’s response that differs from the response to either components alone.2. We experimentally tested predictions of five competing hypotheses about the selective pressures leading to the evolution of an audiovisual display (aggressive calls + toe flags) emitted during agonistic male-male interactions of the Neotropical frog Crossodactylus schmidti. 3. To simulate these agonistic interactions in the field, we built an electromechanical robot that emitted acoustic and visual stimuli, either combined or in isolation. We assessed male receiver’s responses to the stimuli types in terms of occurrence and frequency of signals emission.4. The hypothesis that received most support was the context hypothesis, which states that one signal provides a context in which a receiver can interpret and respond to a second signal. The main findings supporting this hypothesis are: (1) the receiver’s response to the acoustic and visual stimuli were non-redundant; (2) the multimodal stimulus magnified the receiver’s response; and (3) the frequency of aggressive notes and toe flags covaried in the receiver’s response to the multimodal stimulus.5. We suggest that the addition of toe flags to aggressive calls modulates male-male interactions by providing to the receiver a new context for the interpretation and response to the acoustic signal. This new context may be motivation to fight for territory possession, level of aggressiveness, or intent of territory defence or invasion. Our study provides one of the few evidences of a context function of a multimodal signal with a modulation effect in animal contests. Moreover, our results draw attention to the role of inter-signal selection on the evolution of multimodal signals in species living in heterogeneous habitats, where efficacy-based selection is often considered as a major driver.

PTTG has a Dual Role of Promotion-Inhibition in the Development of Pituitary Adenomas

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 800-818
Author(s):  
Zujian Xiong ◽  
Xuejun Li ◽  
Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Sister Chromatids ◽  
Regulation Of Cell Cycle ◽  
Late Stages

Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene (PTTG) of human is known as a checkpoint gene in the middle and late stages of mitosis, and is also a proto-oncogene that promotes cell cycle progression. In the nucleus, PTTG works as securin in controlling the mid-term segregation of sister chromatids. Overexpression of PTTG, entering the nucleus with the help of PBF in pituitary adenomas, participates in the regulation of cell cycle, interferes with DNA repair, induces genetic instability, transactivates FGF-2 and VEGF and promotes angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Simultaneously, overexpression of PTTG induces tumor cell senescence through the DNA damage pathway, making pituitary adenoma possessing the potential self-limiting ability. To elucidate the mechanism of PTTG in the regulation of pituitary adenomas, we focus on both the positive and negative function of PTTG and find out key factors interacted with PTTG in pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, we discuss other possible mechanisms correlate with PTTG in pituitary adenoma initiation and development and the potential value of PTTG in clinical treatment.

scholarly journals Drought and Salinity in Citriculture: Optimal Practices to Alleviate Salinity and Water Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Vasileios Ziogas ◽  
Georgia Tanou ◽  
Giasemi Morianou ◽  
Nektarios Kourgialas
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
High Water ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Negative Effect

Among the various abiotic stresses, drought is the major factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. Citrus has been recognized as a fruit tree crop group of great importance to the global agricultural sector since there are 140 citrus-producing countries worldwide. The majority of citrus-producing areas are subjected to dry and hot summer weather, limited availability of water resources with parallel low-quality irrigation water due to increased salinity regimes. Citrus trees are generally classified as “salt-intolerant” with high water needs, especially during summer. Water scarcity negatively affects plant growth and impairs cell metabolism, affecting the overall tree growth and the quality of produced fruit. Key factors that overall attempt to sustain and withstand the negative effect of salinity and drought stress are the extensive use of rootstocks in citriculture as well as the appropriate agronomical and irrigation practices applied. This review paper emphasizes and summarizes the crucial role of the above factors in the sustainability of citriculture.

scholarly journals Microbial-Driven Stabilisation of Archaeological Iron Artefacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-292
Author(s):  
Sarah James ◽  
Edith Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Passivation Layers ◽  
Archaeological Iron ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Sulphur Species ◽  
Partial Success ◽  
Made In

The instability of iron artefacts is rooted in salt contamination during burial and damages associated with exposure to alternative oxygen levels and high relative humidity once excavated. While a combination of chemical and mechanical treatments is utilised to remove the harmful ions (chlorides, sulphur species) and excess bulky corrosion products, these methods can be hazardous for conservation staff’s health, have limited success, or require extensive treatment times. Bio-based treatments provide a potentially greener alternative for removing damaging corrosion and creating biogenic mineral passivation layers, thus remediating concerns over costs, duration, and health and safety. Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (KT2440) is capable of utilising iron under certain conditions and for phosphating mild steel; however, applications have not been made in the cultural heritage sector. To address the potential of using bacteria for conservation purposes, Pseudomonas was assessed for both the bioremediation of salt contaminates and the production of a passivation layer suitable for iron artefacts, with specific conservation concerns in mind. Key factors for optimisation include the role of agitation, chloride content, and oxygen content on bacterial growth and biomineralisation. The initial results indicate a growth preference, not reliance, for NaCl and agitation with partial success of bioconversion of a mineral source.

scholarly journals Targeting Erbin in B cells for therapy of lung metastasis of colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Shen ◽  
Jing-Lin Liu ◽  
Chu-Yi Wang ◽  
Youlutuziayi Rixiati ◽  
Shi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Pdz Domain ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Iga Production

AbstractThe mechanisms and key factors involved in tumor environments for lung metastasis of CRC are still unclear. Here, using clinical samples from lung metastases of CRC patients, we found that intestinal immune network for IgA production was significantly dysregulated in lung metastases of CRC. Single-cell RNA sequencing discovered a subtype of B cells positive for Erbin, one member of the leucine-rich repeat and PDZ domain (LAP) family, was involved in the lung metastases. Erbin deletion in B cells suppressed lung metastasis of CRC in vivo. And, deletion of Erbin in B cells enhanced the killing effects of CD8+ T cells on tumor cells. Mechanistically, Erbin knockout attenuated TGFβ-mediated suppression of migration of CXCR5+ IgA+ cells and STAT6-mediated PD1 expression. Our study uncovered a key role of Erbin in regulating PD1+ IgA+ B cells in lung metastasis of CRC. Targeting Erbin as well as combined use of neutralizing B cells and antibodies neutralizing PD1 suppresses lung metastasis of CRC in mice, suggesting the potential option for treatment of lung metastasis of CRC.

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