Identity-Based Crossmodal Negative Priming: Aftereffects of Ignoring in One Sensory Modality on Responding to Another Sensory Modality

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 703-721
Author(s):  
Ann-Katrin Wesslein ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Probe Display ◽  
Distractor Stimulus ◽  
Probe Sequence ◽  
Probe Target ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Display Control ◽  
Prime Distractor

Abstract Negative Priming (NP) refers to the phenomenon that responses towards previously ignored stimuli, as compared to new stimuli, are impaired. That is, NP is reflected in the performance on the probe display of a prime–probe sequence. NP is established in vision, audition and touch. In the current study, we presented participants with auditory, visual, and tactile manifestations of the same temporal patterns in order to measure NP across the senses. On each trial, the sensory modality shifted from the prime to the probe. Each prime and probe display consisted of a target and a distractor stimulus, presented to the same sensory modality. On some trials, the prime distractor repeated as probe target (ignored-repetition trials), on other trials the probe stimuli had not been involved in the prime display (control trials). We observed NP between audition and touch (Experiment 1) and between vision and audition (Experiment 2). These findings indicate that the processes underpinning NP can operate at an amodal, postperceptual level.

The Time-Course of Masked Negative Priming

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frings ◽  
Andreas B. Eder
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Probe Display ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Prime Distractor

Negative priming (NP) refers to the finding that reaction times and errors increase when a previously ignored prime distractor is presented as a target. In a variant of this task, the prime display is composed of only a single masked distractor that is followed by the simultaneous presentation of a target and a distractor in the probe display. In one experiment, we explore the time-course of masked NP using different variations of the prime-probe interval (short, medium, and long), and compare the results with time-course investigations of unmasked NP. We found clear evidence for a rapid-decay function of masked NP: With an increase in the prime-probe interval, masked NP decreased. This result is in line with the predictions of the temporal discrimination account and retrieval accounts of NP.

Short article: No evidence for a cue mismatch in negative priming

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Robert Hauke ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Michael Niedeggen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Prime Distractor ◽  
Mismatch Condition ◽  
Mismatch Hypothesis

An experiment is reported in which the cue mismatch hypothesis of negative priming, an important novel variant of the mismatching hypothesis, was tested. A cue mismatch and a no mismatch condition were contrasted in a visual discrimination task. In the prime display of cue mismatch ignored-repetition trials, the colour of the prime distractor was different from the colour of the cue indicating the selection feature (coloured square). In probe displays, cue and repeated stimulus had the same colour. In the no mismatch condition, the visual cue was neutral in terms of colour (always black), so that there was always no cue mismatch between prime and probe displays. Contrary to the prediction of the cue mismatch hypothesis, the negative priming effect was not larger in the cue mismatch than in the no mismatch condition. The cue mismatch hypothesis must therefore be rejected. In contrast, the episodic retrieval account is consistent with the results.

The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Tipper
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Probe Display ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
Selection Of

A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the ignored object in the prime display was the same as the subsequent probe, naming latencies were impaired. This effect is termed negative priming. It suggests that internal representations of the ignored object may become associated with inhibition during selection. Thus, selection of a subsequent probe object requiring these inhibited representations is delayed. Experiment 2 replicated the negative priming effect with a shorter inter-stimulus interval. Experiment 3 examined the priming effects of both the ignored and the selected objects. The effect of both identity repetition and a categorical relationship between prime and probe stimuli were investigated. The data showed that for a stimulus selected from the prime display, naming of the same object in the probe display was facilitated. When the same stimulus was ignored in the prime display, however, naming of it in the probe display was again impaired (negative priming). That negative priming was also demonstrated with categorically related objects suggests that ignored objects achieve categorical levels of representation, and that the inhibition may be at this level.

An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Varieties of Negative Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Distractor Location ◽  
Source Density ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Prime Distractor

In an event-related potential (ERP) study of varieties of negative priming (NP), 20 participants performed two basic tasks, identification and localization. NP was established in response times (RTs) for two different conditions employed in the literature, DT (distractor-target shifts between subsequent displays), and DTTD (distractor-target reversals). With identification, there were two findings specific to DTTD: reduced amplitude of frontocentral P200 and earlier onset of response-locked lateralized readiness potential (R-LRP). The pattern suggests that DTTD probes were perceived as highly similar to the prime, causing a tendency to repeat the prime response. Identity-based DT had no significant ERP correlate but was accompanied by wrong preactivation in the stimulus-locked LRP (S-LRP). Regarding localization, P300 seemed reduced with the DTTD condition. However, current-source density (CSD) analysis suggested additional frontal and occipital N2 components, indicating inhibition of a tendency to repeat the prime response and persisting inhibition of the prime distractor location, respectively. A larger frontopolar N440 accompanying spatial NP suggested attempts to resolve conflicts occurring at late stages of processing. Data support the view of NP effects being caused by different subprocesses. Furthermore, distinct brain processes seem to underlie NP obtained from DT and DTTD conditions.

Negative Priming with Numbers: No Evidence for a Semantic Locus

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1153-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lammertyn ◽  
Wim Fias
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Magnitude Comparison ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Probe Target ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Probe Experiment ◽  
Representational Level ◽  
Prime Distractor

Selective attention has been studied extensively using the negative priming (NP) paradigm. An important issue regards the representational level at which NP occurs. We investigated this issue by using numbers as stimuli. Because numbers have a well-defined semantic organization, which can be clearly measured by means of the distance effect, they are very suitable for testing the assumption that NP is situated at a central semantic level. Four experiments are presented in which the numerical distance between prime distractor and probe target was manipulated. The task was magnitude comparison. Target and distractor were defined on the basis of colour. In Experiment 1, all numbers were presented in Arabic format; NP was observed only with identical prime distractor and probe target, and no distance-related NP was observed. This could not be explained by a decay of inhibition since in Experiment 2 similar results were obtained with a shortened response-to-stimulus interval. Experiment 3 showed that these observations also hold for numbers presented verbally. Nevertheless, a cross-notational experiment with Arabic prime and verbal probe (Experiment 4) revealed no NP whatsoever and excluded the possibility that the absence of distance-related negative priming was the result of a fine-tuned inhibitory mechanism operating at the semantic level. The results are considered in the light of current theories of negative priming.

Negative Priming: Re-Evaluating the Role of Probe Display Interference

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Milliken ◽  
Steve Joordens ◽  
Steve Tipper ◽  
Phil Merikle ◽  
Adriane Seiffert
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Probe Display

Negative Priming with Masked Distractor-Only Prime Trials

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frings ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Unconscious Perception ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Probe Target ◽  
Distractor Color ◽  
Prime Color

Abstract. The literature yields inconsistent evidence for negative priming (NP) following masked distractor-only prime trials. We contrast two different hypotheses on the inconsistent findings: one - which is most compatible with the temporal discrimination theory - that relates the sign of priming effects to the absence vs. presence of prime awareness and one - which is most compatible with the inhibition and episodic retrieval accounts - that relates the sign of priming effects to the prime event being categorized as a to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored event. In two experiments, it turned out that participants’ awareness of the masked stimuli caused the different results (with participants being not aware of the primes showing NP), whereas the factor prime color = probe target color vs. prime color = probe distractor color (i.e., the prime contains the to-be-attended vs. the to-be-ignored signal) did not moderate NP. These findings are discussed with regard to theories of negative priming and the debate on conscious vs. unconscious perception.

Unattended Distractor-Induced Priming in a Visual Selective Attention Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Heil ◽  
Bettina Rolke
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Probe Display ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Target Probe

Abstract: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 24 subjects in a visual selective-attention task in which two words were each presented both in a prime display and in a probe display with the target word defined by color. Subjects' task for the prime display was a physical one (target word presented in upper or lower case letters), while the probe display task was a lexical decision. In addition to a neutral condition, four conditions were realized by varying the target probe: The target probe word was (1) a repetition of the target prime (attended repetition), (2) a semantically associated word to the target prime (attended semantic), (3) a repetition of the distractor prime (unattended repetition), or (4) a word semantically associated to the distractor prime (unattended semantic). An attended semantic and an attended repetition priming effect was observed by means of both RT and N400. The N400 differentiated between these two attended priming conditions while RT did not. No unattended priming effects were found with behavioral data. The N400 amplitude modulation, however, was also present for unattended priming but was attenuated compared to the attended condition. The data suggest (1) that automatic processes are sufficient to evoke an N400 effect, and (2) that the N400 effect is a more sensitive indicator for priming effects than response times.

Long-Term Negative Priming: Support for Retrieval of Prior Attentional Processes

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1199-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Grison ◽  
Steven P. Tipper ◽  
Olivia Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Over Time

Negative priming reveals that participants respond slowly to a probe target that was a task-irrelevant distractor in the preceding prime display (e.g., Tipper, 1985) and is thought to reflect processes mediating short-term behaviour. However, since the first surprising reports that negative priming is found with meaningless stimuli across delays of 30 days (e.g., DeSchepper & Treisman, 1996), researchers have questioned the existence of long-term negative priming effects. Because long-term negative priming could indicate that task-irrelevant information leaves a memory trace that impacts performance over time, such a finding is of immense theoretical importance. Indeed, the current research finds support for the existence of long-term negative priming as well as its generality across different stimuli and conditions. The authors propose that the initial processes that prevent response to irrelevant stimuli may be stored in memory, where retrieval of these processes can mediate behaviour over time.

scholarly journals Prime display offset modulates negative priming only for easy-selection tasks

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frings ◽  
Peter Wühr
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Selection Tasks
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