Relief Articulation Techniques

We consider techniques used in the articulation of pictorial relief. The related ‘cue’ best known to vision science is ‘shading’. It is discussed in terms of an inverse optics algorithm known as ‘shape from shading’. However, the familiar techniques of the visual arts count many alternative cues for the articulation of pictorial relief. From an art technical perspective these cues are well known. Although serving a similar purpose as shading proper, they allow a much flatter value scale, making it easier to retain the picture plane, or major tonal areas. Vision research has generally ignored such methods, possibly because they lack an obvious basis in ecological optics. We attempt to rate the power of various techniques on a common ‘shading scale’. We find that naive observers spontaneously use a variety of cues, and that several of these easily equal, or beat, conventional shading. This is of some conceptual interest to vision science, because shading has a generally acknowledged ecological basis, whereas the alternative methods lack this.

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A practical metric for melanopic metrology

Lighting Research and Technology ◽

10.1177/1477153518824147 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 1178-1191 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

SM Berman ◽

RD Clear

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽

Vision Research ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Standard Definition ◽

Standard Unit ◽

Vision Science ◽

The Past ◽

Definition Of

Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in lighting research on the effects of the recently discovered melanopsin receptor (also referred to as the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) and its impacts on health and vision. Presently, there is not a generally accepted metrology for dealing with the spectral response of the melanopsin receptor as applied to both lighting and vision research. A proposition to handle this issue from a vision science perspective has been presented in 2014 in the journal Trends in Neurosciences and from a more lighting perspective in 2017 in Lighting Research and Technology. These propositions are complex, and do not retain the CIE standard definition of a lumen. In this paper, we propose an approach based on effective watts and melanopic/photopic ratios that is both simpler and more closely aligned with CIE standard unit definitions. In addition, we include some practical examples of how such ratios are accessible now, and can be used for both lighting and vision research as well as applications.

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Assemblage and Icon in Perception and Art

Art & Perception ◽

10.1163/22134913-00002007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1-2) ◽

pp. 5-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jan Koenderink ◽

Andrea van Doorn

Keyword(s):

Visual Arts ◽

Visual Awareness ◽

Vision Science ◽

Vantage Points ◽

Iconic Imagery

In The Problem of Form (1893), the German sculptor Adolf Hildebrand distinguishes categorically between perception obtained from multiple fixations or vantage points (G.: Bewegungsvorstellungen; we call these ‘assemblages’), and from purely ‘iconic’ imagery (G.: Fernbilder). Only the latter he considers properly ‘artistic’. Hildebrand finds the reason for this ontological distinction in the microgenesis of visual awareness. What to make of this? We analyze the various ‘modes of seeing’ in some detail. The conceptual issues involved are fundamental, and relevant to both vision science and the visual arts.

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LEARNING BEHAVIOUR IN AN EXTRAORDINARY SITUATION

Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes ◽

10.22190/jtesap2101119k ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Žana Knežević ◽

Vesna Tripković-Samardžić

Keyword(s):

Visual Arts ◽

Teaching Methods ◽

Online Teaching ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Learning Behaviour ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

The World ◽

Final Exams ◽

Second Year

Closures of higher educational institutions and cancellation of in-person classes caused by COVID-19 made ESP teachers in Montenegro find alternative ways to transform the serious emergency into an important opportunity to foster innovation in the area of teaching ESP online. Doing so, the teachers sought to enhance the experience already in place in many countries round the world. This paper deals with students’ responsiveness to employing new teaching methods aimed at increasing learner autonomy in virtual environment during COVID-19 pandemic, which inevitably encouraged the use of technology. The study focuses on two groups of students (19 second-year students of the Faculty of Visual Arts and 43 third-year students of the Faculty of Information Technology, University Mediterranean Podgorica, Montenegro) and their response to the alternative methods of teaching ESP, as well as the results they achieved in mid-term and final exams. The results are compared to those that the same group of students achieved in the previous semester, providing a comparative analysis of an impact of online teaching on students’ learning behaviour and accomplishments in the extraordinary situation.

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What the Salamander Eye Has Been Telling the Vision Scientist’s Brain

10.20944/preprints202003.0076.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fernando Rozenblit ◽

Tim Gollisch

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Vision Research ◽

Vision Science ◽

Vertebrate Retina ◽

Animal System ◽

Future Vision

Salamanders have been habitual residents of research laboratories for more than a century, and their history in science is tightly interwoven with vision research. Nevertheless, many vision scientists – even those working with salamanders – may be unaware of how much our knowledge about vision, and particularly the retina, has been shaped by studying salamanders. In this review, we take a tour through the salamander history in vision science, highlighting the main contributions of salamanders to our understanding of the vertebrate retina. We further point out specificities of the salamander visual system and discuss the perspectives of this animal system for future vision research.

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What the Salamander Eye Has Been Telling the Vision Scientist’s Brain

10.20944/preprints202003.0076.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fernando Rozenblit ◽

Tim Gollisch

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Vision Research ◽

Vision Science ◽

Vertebrate Retina ◽

Animal System ◽

Future Vision

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The Invisible Saddle, or the Cap-or-Cup Illusion

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0022 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jan Koenderink ◽

Andrea van Doorn ◽

Johan Wagemans

Keyword(s):

Circular Disk ◽

Shape From Shading ◽

Human Observer ◽

Vision Science ◽

Infinite Set ◽

The Invisible

The linear luminance gradient in a circular disk has become a standard example of the “shape from shading cue” in vision science. It is generally supposed to give rise to one of three possible 3D responses, namely “flat” (cue does not work), “cap” (or convexity), or “cup (concavity). From the perspective of ecological optics, there is an infinite set of possibilities, one of which, “saddle,” has—to the best of our knowledge—never been suggested by any human observer. Bayesian convictions do not come to the rescue, because saddles are actually more frequent than caps or cups. The “illusion” is a strong one, because even if we know (e.g., have programmed it) to look at a saddle, we will see a cap (mostly) or cup (sometimes). Thus not only is the shading cue infinitely ambiguous; it is associated with an extreme bias, which might properly be considered an aphasia (soul blindness).

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The Diversity of Eyes and Vision

Annual Review of Vision Science ◽

10.1146/annurev-vision-121820-074736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dan-E. Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Animal Behavior ◽

Online Publication ◽

Vision Research ◽

Science Volume ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Functional Constraints ◽

Evolutionary Perspective ◽

Vision Science ◽

Eye Evolution

Every aspect of vision, from the opsin proteins to the eyes and the ways that they serve animal behavior, is incredibly diverse. It is only with an evolutionary perspective that this diversity can be understood and fully appreciated. In this review, I describe and explain the diversity at each level and try to convey an understanding of how the origin of the first opsin some 800 million years ago could initiate the avalanche that produced the astonishing diversity of eyes and vision that we see today. Despite the diversity, many types of photoreceptors, eyes, and visual roles have evolved multiple times independently in different animals, revealing a pattern of eye evolution strictly guided by functional constraints and driven by the evolution of gradually more demanding behaviors. I conclude the review by introducing a novel distinction between active and passive vision that points to uncharted territories in vision research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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