scholarly journals What the Salamander Eye Has Been Telling the Vision Scientist’s Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rozenblit ◽  
Tim Gollisch
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Vertebrate Retina ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Future Vision

Salamanders have been habitual residents of research laboratories for more than a century, and their history in science is tightly interwoven with vision research. Nevertheless, many vision scientists – even those working with salamanders – may be unaware of how much our knowledge about vision, and particularly the retina, has been shaped by studying salamanders. In this review, we take a tour through the salamander history in vision science, highlighting the main contributions of salamanders to our understanding of the vertebrate retina. We further point out specificities of the salamander visual system and discuss the perspectives of this animal system for future vision research.

scholarly journals What the Salamander Eye Has Been Telling the Vision Scientist’s Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rozenblit ◽  
Tim Gollisch
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Vertebrate Retina ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Future Vision

Salamanders have been habitual residents of research laboratories for more than a century, and their history in science is tightly interwoven with vision research. Nevertheless, many vision scientists – even those working with salamanders – may be unaware of how much our knowledge about vision, and particularly the retina, has been shaped by studying salamanders. In this review, we take a tour through the salamander history in vision science, highlighting the main contributions of salamanders to our understanding of the vertebrate retina. We further point out specificities of the salamander visual system and discuss the perspectives of this animal system for future vision research.

A practical metric for melanopic metrology

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1178-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Berman ◽  
RD Clear
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Standard Unit ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of

Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in lighting research on the effects of the recently discovered melanopsin receptor (also referred to as the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) and its impacts on health and vision. Presently, there is not a generally accepted metrology for dealing with the spectral response of the melanopsin receptor as applied to both lighting and vision research. A proposition to handle this issue from a vision science perspective has been presented in 2014 in the journal Trends in Neurosciences and from a more lighting perspective in 2017 in Lighting Research and Technology. These propositions are complex, and do not retain the CIE standard definition of a lumen. In this paper, we propose an approach based on effective watts and melanopic/photopic ratios that is both simpler and more closely aligned with CIE standard unit definitions. In addition, we include some practical examples of how such ratios are accessible now, and can be used for both lighting and vision research as well as applications.

Best Practices for the Design of Clinical Trials Related to the Visual System

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen G. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Single Patient ◽  
Vision Science

Clinical trials for conditions affecting the visual system need to not only conform to the guidelines for all clinical trials, but also accommodate the possibility of both eyes of a single patient qualifying for the trial. In this review, I present the interplay of the key components in the design of a clinical trial, along with the modifications or options that may be available for trials addressing ocular conditions. Examples drawn from published reports of the design and results of clinical trials of ocular conditions are provided to illustrate application of the design principles. Current approaches to data analysis and reporting of trials are outlined, and the oversight and regulatory procedures to protect participants in clinical trials are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A large-field screen with even texture for vision research

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Crist ◽  
David Lee Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Uniform Illumination ◽  
Uniformly Smooth ◽  
Light Diffusion ◽  
Central Visual System

AbstractStudies of the physiology of the central visual system and visual behavior frequently require large tangent screens, and it has been difficult to create a smooth surface with uniform illumination. We have developed a technique for holding drafting paper on a sheet of acrylic so that it can be used as a tangent screen for both front and rear projections. The process utilizes a vacuum system that holds the paper firmly and produces a uniformly smooth surface with good light diffusion; it is simple, flexible, and inexpensive and can be used for any size screens.

‘Peak Preference’ and Waveform Perception

Perception ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Spatial Filtering ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Ecological Significance

Because the perception of waveforms has been relatively neglected in vision research, one phenomenon of waveform perception, the parsing of waves into peak-shaped rather than trough-shaped segments, is examined. It is suggested that this so-called ‘peak preference’ is a grouping rule which can determine figure—background segregation in some circumstances. It appears to resist explanation in terms of the spatial-filtering properties of the visual system. For a complete explanation of peak preference, the ecological significance for actions that wave stimuli would normally have in the natural setting has to be considered.

scholarly journals Relief Articulation Techniques

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Koenderink ◽  
Andrea van Doorn ◽  
Liliana Albertazzi ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Picture Plane ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Ecological Basis

We consider techniques used in the articulation of pictorial relief. The related ‘cue’ best known to vision science is ‘shading’. It is discussed in terms of an inverse optics algorithm known as ‘shape from shading’. However, the familiar techniques of the visual arts count many alternative cues for the articulation of pictorial relief. From an art technical perspective these cues are well known. Although serving a similar purpose as shading proper, they allow a much flatter value scale, making it easier to retain the picture plane, or major tonal areas. Vision research has generally ignored such methods, possibly because they lack an obvious basis in ecological optics. We attempt to rate the power of various techniques on a common ‘shading scale’. We find that naive observers spontaneously use a variety of cues, and that several of these easily equal, or beat, conventional shading. This is of some conceptual interest to vision science, because shading has a generally acknowledged ecological basis, whereas the alternative methods lack this.

Remembering the Past to See the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C. Rust ◽  
Stephanie E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Relationship

In addition to the role that our visual system plays in determining what we are seeing right now, visual computations contribute in important ways to predicting what we will see next. While the role of memory in creating future predictions is often overlooked, efficient predictive computation requires the use of information about the past to estimate future events. In this article, we introduce a framework for understanding the relationship between memory and visual prediction and review the two classes of mechanisms that the visual system relies on to create future predictions. We also discuss the principles that define the mapping from predictive computations to predictive mechanisms and how downstream brain areas interpret the predictive signals computed by the visual system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Investigating the neurochemistry of the human visual system using magnetic resonance spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Betina Ip ◽  
Holly Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
And Function

AbstractBiochemical processes underpin the structure and function of the visual cortex, yet our understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry of the visual brain is incomplete. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging tool that allows chemical quantification of living tissue by detecting minute differences in the resonant frequency of molecules. Application of MRS in the human brain in vivo has advanced our understanding of how the visual brain consumes energy to support neural function, how its neural substrates change as a result of disease or dysfunction, and how neural populations signal during perception and plasticity. The aim of this review is to provide an entry point to researchers interested in investigating the neurochemistry of the visual system using in vivo measurements. We provide a basic overview of MRS principles, and then discuss recent findings in four topics of vision science: (i) visual perception, plasticity in the (ii) healthy and (iii) dysfunctional visual system, and (iv) during visual stimulation. Taken together, evidence suggests that the neurochemistry of the visual system provides important novel insights into how we perceive the world.

Texture Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Balas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Visual Development ◽  
Texture Perception ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Natural Stimuli ◽  
Neural Bases

Texture perception is a rich subdomain of vision science that focuses on how the visual system encodes and interprets images that can be defined in terms of self-similarity over space. The field’s understanding of the computational and neural bases of texture perception has advanced, drawing upon key results from psychophysics, cognitive neuroscience, and visual development. The relevance of texture representations to a broader set of visual mechanisms supporting “statistical vision” is also discussed, with an emphasis on the challenges and potential rewards of studying texture perception in the context of natural stimuli and ecologically relevant tasks.

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