scholarly journals Wood functional anatomy of Chiococca alba Hitch. (Rubiaceae) from cerrado

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Junior ◽  
Maick William Amorim ◽  
Gustavo Borda De Oliveira ◽  
Celso Voos Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Anatomical Analysis ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Perforation Plates

The wood anatomy is able to evidence systematic and ecological aspects associated with the evolution and functionality of the secondary xylem. The present study was carried out using wood of Chiococca alba (Rubiaceae) from cerrado (savannah), to describe its anatomy and to verify if the hydraulic architecture of this species corroborates the theory that postulates the functional tendency that optimizes the transport efficiency associated with safety. The anatomical analysis followed the conventional protocols of wood anatomy. Different indexes of wood hydraulics quantification were calculated, such as solitary vessels index, vessel grouping, conductivity, vessel collapse, theoretical resistance to vessel implosion and mesomorphism. The structural characteristics described for C. alba are in agreement with the general anatomical descriptions for the Rubiaceae family that relate the presence of exclusively solitary vessels and small diameter, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, apotracheal parenchyma in species with non-septate fibers and narrow and heterogeneous rays. The calculated indexes showed that C. alba is a xerophyte species with great resistance to the collapse of the vessels during the transport of water, little vulnerability to embolism and relative efficiency in the transport when compared to other species of its subfamily (Cinchonoideae) in function of the typical low water availability of the savannah soil.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

Wood Anatomy of Four Californian Mistletoe Species (Phoradendron, Viscaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa E.T.M. Ashworth ◽  
Gracielza Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Growth Features

Secondary xylem characteristics were compared in four species of Phoradendron Nutt. (Viscaceae) native to California. All have extremely short, thick-walled vessel elements with simple perforation plates. They also share high vessel density, radial vessel arrangement, thick-walled fibres, and multiseriate, heterocellular rays. The fibres show considerable intrusive growth. Features of the vessel elements (i.e. vessel dimensions, arrangement, type of wall sculpturing) and calcium oxalate crystals in the ray parenchyma cells are useful diagnostic traits to separate species. Grooved vessel walls are shared by the morphologically similar P. villosum and P. macrophyllum. Differences between these two species may reflect contrasting drought response strategies pursued by respective hosts. Vulnerability and mesomorphy ratios of the wood of P. californicum are higher than those of P. pauciflorum and P. macrophyllum. Phoradendron pauciflorum has the most xeromorphic wood of the four species studied.

Wood Anatomy of the Bignoniaceae, with a Comparison of Trees and Lianas

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gasson ◽  
David R. Dobbins
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Anomalous Growth

The secondary xylem anatomy of trees and lianas was compared in the family Bignoniaceae. General descriptions of the family and the six woody tribes are provided. Lianas belong to the tribes Bignonieae, Tecomeae and Schlegelieae, and most have ve.ssels of two distinct diameters, many vessels per unit area, large intervascular pits, septate fibres, large heterocellular rays often of two distinct sizes, scanty paratracheal and vasicentric axial parenchyma and anomalous growth. Conversely, trees, which belong to the tribes Coleeae, Crescentieae, Oroxyleae and Tecomeae generally have narrower vessels in one diameter class, fewer vessels per unit area, smaller intervascular pits, non-septate fibres, small homocellular rays, scanty paratracheal, aliform or confluent parenchyma, and none exhibits anomalous growth. The majority of both trees and Hanas possess growth rings, are diffuse-porous, have non-solitary vessels which lack helical thickenings, and few have apotracheal parenchyma or storied structure. All species have alternate intervascular pitting and simple perforation plates.

scholarly journals Estudo anatômico do xilema secundário de Ephedra tweediana C. A. Meyer

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori ◽  
Graciela I. Bolzon de Muñiz
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Perforation Plates

The anatomical features of the secondary xylem of Ephedra tweediana C.A. Meyer are described. They are also furnished photomicrographs as well as quantitative data of its structure. The wood anatomy fits with the described in the literature to other species of the same genus. In the wood of Ephedra tweediana they are found real vessels and very tall rays, up to 8 cells wide. These features are common in the Angiosperm Dicotyledons but absent in the Gymnosperms, with the exception ofthe Chlamydospermae or Gnetales. Ephedra separates itself in this group by the presence of foraminate or "ephedroid" perforation plates. In the xylem anatomy of this south brazilian species, they must be also emphasized the presence of very short tracheids, provided with uniseriate bordered pits and the peculiar "stepped outline" of annual rings.

scholarly journals Estudo anatômico do xilema secundário de Cassia corymbosa Lam. (Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The State ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Ornamental Shrub

 This paper describes the wood anatomy of Cassia corymbosa Lam. (Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae), a small ornamental shrub with yellow flowers, commonly named int the State of Rio Grande do Sul as "Fedegoso".The most important anatomical characteristics observed was the presence of short vessel elements with small diameter and simple perforation plates, rays of Heterogeneous II type, libriform non-septate fibers, and scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma axial parencgyma.

scholarly journals ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DO XILEMA SECUNDÁRIO DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES ORNAMENTAIS DE Euphorbia

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anelise Marta Siegloch ◽  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori ◽  
Sidinei Rodrigues dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Perforation Plates

São anatomicamente descritos os xilemas secundários de Euphorbia cotinifolia L., E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch e E. tirucalli L. As descrições anatômicas seguem IAWA (1989). Para as três espécies, foram confirmados os seguintes detalhes anatômicos mencionados na literatura para família Euphorbiaceae e gênero Euphorbia: poros em múltiplos radiais; placas de perfuração simples; pontoações intervasculares de diâmetro médio; pontoações raio-vasculares alongadas; parênquima axial com 2-4 células por série; raios com 1-3 células de largura; fibras frequentemente gelatinosas; e presença de laticíferos radiais.Palavras-chave: Análise de agrupamento; estudo anatômico; Euphorbiaceae. AbstractComparative study of the secondary xylem of three ornamental Euphorbia species. The wood anatomy of Euphorbia cotinifolia, E. pulcherrima and E. tirucalli, are described. The anatomical descriptions follow IAWA (1989). The following details mentioned in the literature to family Euphorbiaceae and genus Euphorbia were confirmed to the three species: radial multiple pores; simple perforation plates; medium size intervessel pits; elongated vascular-ray pits, axial parenchyma in series with 2-4 cells; rays with 1-3 cells wide; usually gelatinous fibers; and laticifers in rays.Keywords: Cluster analysis; euphorbiaceae; wood Anatomy.

Stem Development, Medullary Bundles, and Wood Anatomy of Croton Glandulosus Var. Septentrionalis (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Hayden ◽  
W. John Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Inverted Orientation ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Internal Phloem

Anatomy and development of vascular tissues in the annual stems of Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis are described. In primary stages of growth the stem possesses a eustele of bicollateral bundles; internal phloem is notably more extensive than the external. In addition to a vascular cambium and secondary xylem that form in the usual fashion, additional cambia add cells to the internal phloem portion of the bicollateral bundles, forming well-marked medullary bundles at the perimeter of the pith. At first, the perimedullary cambial strands produce only internal secondary phloem; later, internal secondary xylem is also formed in some stems. When internal secondary xylem is present, the medullary bundles have an inverted orientation, i.e., phloem innermost (towards centre of pith) and xylem outermost (near protoxylem). Cells of the medullary bundles include sieve tube elements, vessel ekments, and fibres. Normal (external) secondary phloem is weakly developed. Normal secondary xylem contains short vessel elements with simple perforation plates and alternate intervascular pits, libriform fibres, narrow heterocellular rays, and lacks axial parenchyma.

Distinctive wood anatomy of the root-parasitic family Lennoaceae (Boraginales)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist ◽  
C. Matt Guilliams
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
High Water ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Large Primary

The four species of Lennoaceae have strands of primary plus secondary xylem in a background of starch-rich parenchyma. These strands constitute a cylinder with large primary rays. The wood within these strands is markedly different from that of other families in the crown group of Boraginales such as Cordiaceae and Ehretiaceae, most of which are woody. Lennoaceae differ because they lack fibrous cells (libriform fibers), lack rays within the vascular strands, and have markedly elliptical vessel-to-vessel pits without vestures. Lennoaceae have secondary xylem with short, wide vessel elements with thick walls, horizontally elongate elliptical pits, simple perforation plates much narrower than the vessel lumen; variously uneven vessel wall thickenings; and axial parenchyma. The wood of Lennoaceae shows resemblances to unrelated succulents such as Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and Lithops (Aizoaceae). The vessel features also suggest adaptation to high water tensions as root parasites in desert areas, whereas the lack of imperforate tracheary elements may relate to support of the underground stem portions by sand or rock detritus. Habit and ecology are more important in the architecture of lennoaceous xylem than systematic affinities. The four species of Lennoaceae differ from each other in minor xylary features.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira e casca de Acacia tucumanensis Gris.

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Bark Structure

The wood and bark anatomy of Acacia tucumanensis Gris. is described. Quantitative data from 33 different features of the secondary xylem are furnished, as well as photomicrographs and drawings of its structure. The presence of libriform fibres, simple perforation plates, paratracheal parenchyma and homogeneous rays, are important characteristics of the wood anatomy. The presence of septa in fibres and of rays with 3-4 cells wide, indicate the position of the species in the sub-genus Aculeiferum VassaI (= series Vulgares Benth.). Phloematic fibres in tangential bands, with 3-5 cells wide, and the irregular course of rays in the late bark, are the most conspicuous features of the bark structure. Photomicrographs of bark are also furnished.

Conductance in the wood of selected Carboniferous plants

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Seed Plant ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Conducting Tissue

Specific conductance was calculated for secondary xylem in seven Carboniferous stem taxa utilizing an equation derived from the Hagen-Poiseuille relation. Arborescent and lianoid representatives of major pteridophytic (Calamitaceae, Lepidodenraceae, Sphenophyllaceae) and gymnospermous (Cordaitaceae, Medullosaceae) groups were examined. In the calamite Arthropitys communis and the seed plant Cordaites (Cordaixylon sp. and Mesoxylon sp.), conductance corresponded approximately to the low end of the range for both extant conifers and angiosperms. A substantially higher conductance was determined for the wood of Arthropitys deltoides, conforming to the high end of the range for conifers and the low-middle part of the range for angiosperms. The highest conductance values were found in Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum, Medullosa noei, and Paralycopodites brevifolius and corresponded to the middle-high portion of the range for vessel-containing angiosperms. This outcome is particularly significant in light of the fact that tracheary elements in the fossils are imperforate. The results indicate that conductance in secondary xylem of some of the most ancient, woody groups was comparable to that in extant plants and that highly effective conducting tissue developed relatively early in plant evolution. Moreover, it is suggested that the general relationship between wood anatomy, growth habit, and ecology demonstrated for living plants can also be extended back in time to include fossil plants.

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