Distinctive wood anatomy of the root-parasitic family Lennoaceae (Boraginales)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist ◽  
C. Matt Guilliams
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
High Water ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Large Primary

The four species of Lennoaceae have strands of primary plus secondary xylem in a background of starch-rich parenchyma. These strands constitute a cylinder with large primary rays. The wood within these strands is markedly different from that of other families in the crown group of Boraginales such as Cordiaceae and Ehretiaceae, most of which are woody. Lennoaceae differ because they lack fibrous cells (libriform fibers), lack rays within the vascular strands, and have markedly elliptical vessel-to-vessel pits without vestures. Lennoaceae have secondary xylem with short, wide vessel elements with thick walls, horizontally elongate elliptical pits, simple perforation plates much narrower than the vessel lumen; variously uneven vessel wall thickenings; and axial parenchyma. The wood of Lennoaceae shows resemblances to unrelated succulents such as Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and Lithops (Aizoaceae). The vessel features also suggest adaptation to high water tensions as root parasites in desert areas, whereas the lack of imperforate tracheary elements may relate to support of the underground stem portions by sand or rock detritus. Habit and ecology are more important in the architecture of lennoaceous xylem than systematic affinities. The four species of Lennoaceae differ from each other in minor xylary features.

Wood Anatomy of Four Californian Mistletoe Species (Phoradendron, Viscaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa E.T.M. Ashworth ◽  
Gracielza Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Growth Features

Secondary xylem characteristics were compared in four species of Phoradendron Nutt. (Viscaceae) native to California. All have extremely short, thick-walled vessel elements with simple perforation plates. They also share high vessel density, radial vessel arrangement, thick-walled fibres, and multiseriate, heterocellular rays. The fibres show considerable intrusive growth. Features of the vessel elements (i.e. vessel dimensions, arrangement, type of wall sculpturing) and calcium oxalate crystals in the ray parenchyma cells are useful diagnostic traits to separate species. Grooved vessel walls are shared by the morphologically similar P. villosum and P. macrophyllum. Differences between these two species may reflect contrasting drought response strategies pursued by respective hosts. Vulnerability and mesomorphy ratios of the wood of P. californicum are higher than those of P. pauciflorum and P. macrophyllum. Phoradendron pauciflorum has the most xeromorphic wood of the four species studied.

Xylem Anatomy Of Diegodendron HumbertΠ

IAWA Journal ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Dickison
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Type ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates

The first description of the wood of the monotypic Madagascan genus Diegodendron is provided. The xylem of D. humbertii is characterised by short , solitary vessel elements with alternate lateral wall pitting and simple perforation plates, imperforate tracheary elements of the libriform fibre type, nearly all biseriate, imperfectly storied, homogeneous rays composed of procumbent cells only, and diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The specialised wood anatomy of Diegodendron supports a close alliance with both Sphaerosepalaceae and Malvales.

Stem Development, Medullary Bundles, and Wood Anatomy of Croton Glandulosus Var. Septentrionalis (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Hayden ◽  
W. John Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Inverted Orientation ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Internal Phloem

Anatomy and development of vascular tissues in the annual stems of Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis are described. In primary stages of growth the stem possesses a eustele of bicollateral bundles; internal phloem is notably more extensive than the external. In addition to a vascular cambium and secondary xylem that form in the usual fashion, additional cambia add cells to the internal phloem portion of the bicollateral bundles, forming well-marked medullary bundles at the perimeter of the pith. At first, the perimedullary cambial strands produce only internal secondary phloem; later, internal secondary xylem is also formed in some stems. When internal secondary xylem is present, the medullary bundles have an inverted orientation, i.e., phloem innermost (towards centre of pith) and xylem outermost (near protoxylem). Cells of the medullary bundles include sieve tube elements, vessel ekments, and fibres. Normal (external) secondary phloem is weakly developed. Normal secondary xylem contains short vessel elements with simple perforation plates and alternate intervascular pits, libriform fibres, narrow heterocellular rays, and lacks axial parenchyma.

Conductance in the wood of selected Carboniferous plants

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Seed Plant ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Conducting Tissue

Specific conductance was calculated for secondary xylem in seven Carboniferous stem taxa utilizing an equation derived from the Hagen-Poiseuille relation. Arborescent and lianoid representatives of major pteridophytic (Calamitaceae, Lepidodenraceae, Sphenophyllaceae) and gymnospermous (Cordaitaceae, Medullosaceae) groups were examined. In the calamite Arthropitys communis and the seed plant Cordaites (Cordaixylon sp. and Mesoxylon sp.), conductance corresponded approximately to the low end of the range for both extant conifers and angiosperms. A substantially higher conductance was determined for the wood of Arthropitys deltoides, conforming to the high end of the range for conifers and the low-middle part of the range for angiosperms. The highest conductance values were found in Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum, Medullosa noei, and Paralycopodites brevifolius and corresponded to the middle-high portion of the range for vessel-containing angiosperms. This outcome is particularly significant in light of the fact that tracheary elements in the fossils are imperforate. The results indicate that conductance in secondary xylem of some of the most ancient, woody groups was comparable to that in extant plants and that highly effective conducting tissue developed relatively early in plant evolution. Moreover, it is suggested that the general relationship between wood anatomy, growth habit, and ecology demonstrated for living plants can also be extended back in time to include fossil plants.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

scholarly journals Wood functional anatomy of Chiococca alba Hitch. (Rubiaceae) from cerrado

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Junior ◽  
Maick William Amorim ◽  
Gustavo Borda De Oliveira ◽  
Celso Voos Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Anatomical Analysis ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Perforation Plates

The wood anatomy is able to evidence systematic and ecological aspects associated with the evolution and functionality of the secondary xylem. The present study was carried out using wood of Chiococca alba (Rubiaceae) from cerrado (savannah), to describe its anatomy and to verify if the hydraulic architecture of this species corroborates the theory that postulates the functional tendency that optimizes the transport efficiency associated with safety. The anatomical analysis followed the conventional protocols of wood anatomy. Different indexes of wood hydraulics quantification were calculated, such as solitary vessels index, vessel grouping, conductivity, vessel collapse, theoretical resistance to vessel implosion and mesomorphism. The structural characteristics described for C. alba are in agreement with the general anatomical descriptions for the Rubiaceae family that relate the presence of exclusively solitary vessels and small diameter, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, apotracheal parenchyma in species with non-septate fibers and narrow and heterogeneous rays. The calculated indexes showed that C. alba is a xerophyte species with great resistance to the collapse of the vessels during the transport of water, little vulnerability to embolism and relative efficiency in the transport when compared to other species of its subfamily (Cinchonoideae) in function of the typical low water availability of the savannah soil.

scholarly journals Trabeculae and Al-accumulation in the wood cells of Melastomataceae species from Brazilian savanna

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Gelatinous Fiber ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
First Time ◽  
Additional Role

Family Melastomataceae is an important component of the Brazilian Cerrado flora, inhabiting different environments from those with well-drained soils to swamp soil sites. Several members of this family are recognized as aluminum (Al)-accumulating. We studied the wood anatomy of six species of Melastomataceae (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, M. fallax DC., M. chamissois Naudin, M. ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Microlepis oleaefolia (DC.) Triana, Rhynchanthera dichotoma DC.), growing in different environments of Cerrado, exploring the occurrence of trabeculae and Al-accumulation sites. We processed the material following the usual techniques in wood anatomy and histochemistry. We used a chrome azurol-S spot-test in fresh material to detect Al-accumulation. The common features were diffuse porosity, vessel elements with simple perforation plates and vestured pits, abundant parenchyma-like fiber bands and septate fibers, axial parenchyma scanty to vasicentric, and heterocellular rays. The presence of trabeculae in vessel elements, septa in parenchyma cells, and aluminum in the G-layer of the gelatinous fiber walls, in the septa of fibers, in cambial initials and derivatives cell walls, and in the vacuole of ray cells are recorded for the first time for Melastomataceae. The results of this study indicate an additional role for gelatinous fibers in Al-accumulation, and offer a new perspective on Al-compartmentalization in the wood cells from Cerrado species.

Wood Anatomy of Capparis Spinosa from an Ecological Perspective

IAWA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Psaras ◽  
I. Sofroniou
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Capparis Spinosa ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Xylem Conduits

Root and stern wood of the Mediterranean summergreen Capparis spinosa L. was studied. Wood anatomical features favour high hydraulic conductivity, which is necessary for maintaining the high midday stomatal conductance and rates of photosynthesis observed in this plant. Xylem conduits of both stern and root consist of wide and short vessel elements with simple perforation plates. Vessel grouping in the stern secures xylem safety against cavitations. The plant would be highly vulnerable to cavitations due to freezing conditions, although these are rare during the Mediterranean winter. Thus, the anatomical features of the plant, which does not seem to suffer from water stress though growing entirely during the Mediterranean summer drought, are compatible with its adaptive strategy. The significant amount of minerals found in the root vessels, and the abundant starch grains of the wood might be involved in a possible osmotic shifting of water in the xylem.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Drimys Brasiliensis ◽  
Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

Wood Anatomy of Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. John Hayden ◽  
Mark P. Simmons ◽  
Linda J. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of 29 specimens of seven species of Amanoa from tropieal Africa, South America, and the Caribbean is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with most vessels in short radial multiples. Vessel elements are notably long, have simple perforation plates and smalI, alternate intervessel pits; tyloses are present in heartwood. Libriform wood fibres bear thick walls. Axial parenchyma distribution is diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates. Chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma is common. Rays are heterocellular, narrow, and very tal!. The species examined, all from moist lowland forests, have similar wood structure. Wood of Amanoa resembles that of other primitive Euphorbiaceae.

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