Martial Identities in Colonial Nigeria (c. 1900–1960)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Stapleton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Local Reactions ◽  
Military Institutions ◽  
The Military

Abstract In British colonial Nigeria, the military was more heterogeneous than previously thought and British ideas about “martial races” changed depending on local reactions to recruiting. In the early twentieth century British officers saw the northern Hausa and southwestern Yoruba, who dominated the ranks, as civilized “martial races.” The Yoruba stopped enlisting given new prospects and protest, and southeasterners like the Igbo rejected recruiting given language difficulties and resistance. The British then perceived all southern Nigerians as lacking martial qualities. Although Hausa enlistment also declined with opportunities and religious objections, the inter-war army developed a northern ethos through Hausa language and the northern location of military institutions. The rank-and-file became increasingly diverse including northern and Middle Belt minorities, seen by the British as primitive warriors and as insurance against Muslim revolt, enlisting because of poverty. From 1930, military identities in Nigeria polarized with uneducated northern/Middle Belt infantry and literate southern technicians.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Andrew Byers
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
War Department ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

This chapter provides an overview of why the U.S. Army sought to address perceived problems caused by soldiers’ sexual interactions with civilians and other soldiers as the army deployed across the Caribbean and into the Pacific and Europe in the early twentieth century. Military planners, army leaders, War Department officials, and civilian observers of the military were intensely concerned about issues related to sexuality because they tended to believe that soldiers had irrepressible sexual needs that could cause harm to the army. The army also believed that by instituting a series of legal regulations and medical interventions, it could mitigate the damages to the institution arising from sex, while also shaping soldiers’ sexuality in ways the army and interested civilian parties might find more acceptable. The chapter describes the research methodology and chapter overviews for the book as a whole.

scholarly journals A Presence of the Past: The Legal Protection of Singapore's Archaeological Heritage

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tsen-Ta Lee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Early History ◽  
Cultural Artifacts ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

AbstractSingapore is not well known for its archaeological heritage. In fact, chance finds in the early twentieth century and systematic archaeological excavations since the 1980s conducted at sites around the Singapore River have unearthed artifacts shedding light on the island's early history. In addition, the value of archaeology for a deeper knowledge of Singapore's British colonial past is increasingly being recognized. Nonetheless, Singapore law provides only a rudimentary framework to facilitate archaeological investigations and protect cultural artifacts. This article considers how the National Heritage Board Act (Cap. 196A, 1994 Rev. Ed.), the Planning Act (Cap. 232, 1998 Rev. Ed.), and the recent Preservation of Monuments Board Act 2009 (No. 16 of 2009, now Cap. 239, 2011 Rev. Ed.) may be strengthened in this regard.

Tracing the Biographies of Objects and Lives

Anthropos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-514
Author(s):  
Inbal Livne
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Complex Series ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
British Colonial

This article focuses on the Tibetan collections of the National Museum of Scotland, which were formed by colonial agents from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century. The meanings and values given to Tibetan material culture in the British colonial context was often predicated on modes of categorisation, whereby objects could be denoted as “artistic,” “ethnographic,” “religious” or as symbols authenticating personal experience and family ties. This article examines how these categories, and the values given to them by collectors, can be used to unpack a complex series of relationships between objects and people in the context of British-Indian colonial society.

scholarly journals Stimulation, Segregation and Scandal: Geographies of Prostitution Regulation in British India, between Registration (1888) and Suppression (1923)

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1459-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN LEGG
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Indian Cities

AbstractThis paper explores the regulation of prostitution in colonial India between the abolition of the Indian Contagious Diseases Act in 1888 and the passing of the first Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act in 1923. It challenges the commonly held assumption that prostitutes naturally segregated themselves in Indian cities, and shows that this was a policy advocated by the Government of India. The object was to prevent the military visiting these segregated areas, in the absence of effective Cantonment Regulations for registering, inspecting, and treating prostitutes. The central government stimulated provincial segregation through expressing its desires via demi-official memoranda and confidential correspondence, to which Rangoon and Bombay responded most willingly. The second half of the paper explores the conditions, in both India and Ceylon, that made these segregated areas into scandalous sites in the early twentieth century. It situates the brothel amongst changing beliefs that they: increased rather than decreased incidents of homosexuality; stimulated trafficking in women and children; and encouraged the spread of scandalous white prostitutes ‘up-country’, beyond their tolerated location in coastal cosmopolitan ports. Taken alongside demands that the state support social reform in the early twentieth century, segregation provided the tipping point for the shift towards suppression from 1917 onwards. It also illustrates the scalar shifts in which central-local relations, and relations between provinces, in government were being negotiated in advance of the dyarchy system formalized in 1919.

scholarly journals When natives became Africans: A historical sociolinguistic study of semantic change in colonial discourse

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Susan Fitzmaurice
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial

AbstractThe word native is a key term in nineteenth-century British colonial administrative vocabulary. The question is how it comes to be central to the classification of indigenous subjects in Britain’s southern African possessions in the early twentieth century, and how the word is appropriated by colonial citizens to designate the race of indigenous subjects. To answer the question, I construct a semasiological history of native as a word that has to do with the identification of a person with a place by birth, by residence or by citizenship. I track the manner in which speakers invest old words with new meanings in specific settings and differentiate among them in different domains. In the case of native, a signal keyword is recruited to do particular work in several contemporaneous discourses which take different ideological directions as the nature of the involvement of their speakers changes. The result is a particularly complicated word history, and one which offers a clue to the ways in which colonial rhetoric is domesticated in specific settings at the very same time as the colonising power eschews it in the process of divesting itself of its colonies.

scholarly journals Legislation of the Russian empire on the land military clergy of the early twentieth century (1900—1917)

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Александр Лушин ◽  
Aleksandr Lushin ◽  
Ксения Чудецкая ◽  
Kseniya Chudeckaya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
World War ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

This article is devoted to the intensive development of domestic legislation regulating the activities of the military clergy in the early twentieth century, when the Russian army had to take part consistently in two wars: the Russian-Japanese (1904-1905) and the First world war or the great (1914-1918). The historical and legal experience of the military clergy of Imperial Russia at the present time is of reasonable interest in connection with the revival and development of this institution in the modern power structures of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Form and Style in Two of Percy Grainger’s Early Works for Military Band

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
John David Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Compositional Style ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Voice Leading ◽  
Military Band ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Military

Percy Grainger’s compositions during the early twentieth century represent a unique blend of traditional functional harmony and newer musical techniques. This blending produces a distinct compositional style associated with Grainger, featuring simple forms and textures, melodies inspired by traditional folk songs, extended tertian harmony, and an emphasis on voice leading. Grainger’s works often cross genres and explore various instrumentations and stylistic choices. This paper attempts to further define and explain Grainger’s style by analyzing two of his original works that were arranged for the military band setting, namely Children’s March: Over the Hills and Far Away and Colonial Song. Examining these two works through the lens of harmony, melody, form, texture, and rhythm reveals key aspects of Grainger’s early compositional style. Several stylistic choices were found to recur, including Grainger’s use of counterpoint, voice leading, descending chromaticism, specific patterns of articulations, and tension created by increased note density.

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