6 The Enemy Within: ‘Gypsies’ as EX/INternal Threat in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Holy Roman Empire, 15th-18th Century 131

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-154
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy

Austria inventa?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Schennach
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Legal Construction ◽  
Internal Integration ◽  
The One ◽  
State Rights

This is the first work of its kind devoted to Austrian constitutional law, which has so far received little attention in (legal) historical research. It examines its origins, its authors, its connection with the “Reichspublizistik”, its sources and methods as well as its contents and, last but not least, its role in university teaching. Of all the particular state rights in the Holy Roman Empire, its subject was probably the one most intensively discussed. In the second half of the 18th century, Austrian constitutional law was a flourishing genre of literature promoted by the Habsburg dynasty. This is accounted for by its main themes: It flanked the process of internal integration of the heterogeneous Habsburg ruling complex and aimed at the discursive and legal construction of an Austrian state as a whole and the legitimation of absolutism.

European Nobilities and the Reformation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald G. Asch
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Reformation

Whereas the princes of the empire often took a leading part in supporting the cause of the Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire the lower nobility, knights, and simple country squires were initially more reluctant to commit themselves to the new faith. However, to the extent that the confessional divide deepened, many noble families now firmly embraced either the Roman Church or Protestantism. Such development was even more pronounced in countries where the crown lost control over the process of confessionalization as in France or in the Habsburg monarchy. Here nobles often took a more active part in promoting the cause of the Reformation. In the later sixteenth century confessional allegiance frequently became part of the dynastic identity and the cultural capital of noble families.

scholarly journals Fall of the Peacemakers: Austria’s Protestant Nobility and the Advent of the Thirty Years’ War

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
Peter Thaler
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Article Analyse ◽  
Religious Schism

This article examines the prelude to the Thirty Years’ War in Austria. It places the country’s estate system in an international context and evaluates the implications of the religious schism for the relationship between monarchs and nobles. Thwarted in their efforts to enforce confessional orthodoxy in the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburgs were determined to retain control of their patrimonial lands. The analysis reveals the careful strategy of Catholic restoration pursued by the dynasty as well as the increasing radicalization of Protestant opposition, and the consequential futility of the last major attempt at defusing the confessional conflict in the Habsburg Monarchy. The fundamental differences between noble and dynastic ideologies of state made compromise all but impossible. Cet article analyse le prélude à la guerre de Trente Ans en Autriche. Il propose de situer la société d’ordres du pays dans son contexte international, et d’évaluer les conséquences du schisme religieux pour les relations entre les monarques et les nobles. Bien que leurs efforts pour imposer l’orthodoxie confessionnelle au sein du Saint Empire aient échoué, les Habsbourgs restaient déterminés à maintenir leur contrôle sur leurs territoires héréditaires. L’analyse révèle la prudence de la stratégie menée par la dynastie, visant à rétablir le catholicisme ; elle met également en lumière la radicalisation croissante de l’opposition protestante ; et elle démontre l’échec de cette ultime tentative majeure de désamorcer le conflit confessionnel au sein de des territoires des Habsbourgs. Ce sont les désaccords idéologiques fondamentaux, opposant une conception de l’État noble à une conception dynastique, qui ont rendu le compromis quasi impossible.

Putting Transylvania on the Map: Cartography and Enlightened Absolutism in the Habsburg Monarchy

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 141-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina-Valeria Veres
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Real Difference ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Joseph Ii ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

After touring Transylvania in 1773, Joseph II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and co-regent of the Habsburg monarchy, wrote to Empress Maria Theresa complaining about the state of the province's economy and its administrative corruption. Such problems required urgent reform of the sort that could be carried out only by a strong, centralized government acting in the spirit of Enlightened Absolutism. However, success in these endeavors required something more. In Joseph II's words: “We have to remember that the best intentions fail often and the lack of knowledge of local realities makes such a real difference in governance, that what is often considered the best and wisest decisions, cannot be applied locally efficiently; the total ignorance of Your Majesty's advisers at the court and the Transylvanian Chancellery is a real hindrance and harm for the administration.”

The Role of the Burgenland in the History of the Habsburg Monarchy

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 7-38
Author(s):  
Fritz Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Political History ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The West ◽  
German Nation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Carolingian Empire

Viewed from the perspective of thousands of years, political history reveals a pattern of continuous alternation between decay and re-formation. Thus, after the fall of the Roman empire, the first political entity that emerged in the West was the Carolingian empire, which, through the coronation of the emperor in 800, assumed the form of a revived western Roman empire. Although it soon became limited to the part of the old empire inhabited by the “German nation,” it continued to exist, at least in outward form, under the name of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. As early as 1804, though, Francis II had adopted the title of emperor of Austria for his position as ruler of the “hereditary Austrian lands.”

Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1800–1867

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enno E. Kraehe
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Upper Rhine ◽  
Principal Contributor

In view of the many paradoxes that have studded the history of the Habsburg monarchy, it is fitting at the outset to observe that as the nineteenth century opened Austrian foreign policy proceeded with complete obliviousness to the nationality problem and for this very reason was the principal contributor to the nationality problem of the future. It was a time of unprecedented territorial change, indeed of the founding of the Austrian empire itself, and the net result of the changes was an increment to the ethnic diversity of the Habsburg lands. The acquisition of western Galicia in the third partition of Poland added several million Poles. By the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 Walloon and Flemish subjects in the Netherlands had been exchanged for the Italian, Croatian, and Serbian population of Venice, Istria, and Dalmatia, and the prospect was held out for adding more Germans in Upper Bavaria and Salzburg. The Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 did not change the territorial holdings of the Austrian Habsburgs; it did, however, affect them indirectly by providing for the transfer of the members of collateral branches of the family who ruled in Modena and Tuscany to unspecified territories in Germany. Two years later, in 1803, the Imperial Recess of the Holy Roman Empire named these territories: Salzburg, for Ferdinand; and the Breisgau and Ortenau, on the Upper Rhine, for the Duke of Modena. Both awards represented Austrian losses, Breisgau and Ortenau having been Austrian lands to begin with, Salzburg having been previously promised.

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