scholarly journals Taxonomic clarification of the dinophyte Peridinium acuminatum Ehrenb., ≡ Scrippsiella acuminata, comb. nov. (Thoracosphaeraceae, Peridiniales)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Kretschmann ◽  
Malte Elbrächter ◽  
Carmen Zinssmeister ◽  
Sylvia Soehner ◽  
MONIKA KIRSCH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scrippsiella Trochoidea ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rrna Sequences

Peridinium acuminatum (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) was described in the first half of the 19th century, but the name has been rarely adopted since then. It was used as type of Goniodoma, Heteraulacus and Yesevius, providing various sources of nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion. Particularly, several early authors emphasised that the organisms investigated by C.G. Ehrenberg and S.F.N.R. von Stein were not conspecific, but did not perform the necessary taxonomic conclusions. The holotype of P. acuminatum is an illustration dating back to 1834, which makes the determination of the species ambiguous. We collected, isolated, and cultivated Scrippsiella acuminata, comb. nov. (strain GeoB 427) from the type locality off Kiel, Germany (Baltic Sea). We barcoded the species of the Thoracosphaeraceae using rRNA sequences and investigated the morphology of the strain using light and electron microscopy. As taxonomic result, we designate an epitype for Peridinium acuminatum, as no conflict with C.G. Ehrenberg’s protologue can be stated. It is indistinguishable from Scrippsiella trochoidea (likewise described from the Kiel Fjord) that we consider a later heterotypic synonym. Our study contributes to the disentanglement of dinophyte taxonomy in a very challenging case, and we trust that C.G. Ehrenberg and S.F.N.R. von Stein investigated different species under the epithet ‘acuminatum’. The complex nomenclature and taxonomy of Goniodoma, and its type species Goniodoma acuminatum, is discussed in the Electronic Supplement. We consider Pyrrhotriadinium, with the type species Pyrrhotriadinium polyedricum (Gonyaulacales), well suited to harbour all gonyaulacalean taxa so far assigned to Goniodoma and Heteraulacus as well.

scholarly journals Determination of Velocity of Detonation Using Dautrich Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
Darko Šunjić ◽  
Stipo Buljan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Velocity Of Detonation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Explosive Forming

Explosive forming appeared at the end of the 19th century as unconventional technology that provides new methods to get workpieces with bigger dimensions and complex geometries. As a source of energy this technology uses explosives. Explosive, as such, is relatively inexpensive and theoretically with it, it is possible to get any amount of energy that is needed. Explosive forming is used with other technologies such as deep drawing, expansion of pipes, welding etc. One of the main explosive characteristics is the velocity of detonation that can be determined, inter alia, with the Dautrich method. This paper clarifies the method and gives a case study with explosive Vitezit 20.

scholarly journals Quarantine as a tool of epidemic fight

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-195
Author(s):  
Renata E. Paliga
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today’s Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world’s history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today’s Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air – LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants’ health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.

scholarly journals Lactuca tatarica (Asteraceae) in embryonic dunes on Wolin Island (NW Poland)

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kowalski W. A. ◽  
Andrzej Łysko ◽  
Agnieszka Popiela
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nw Poland

Abstract By the end of the 19th century, Lactuca tatarica was reported for the first time from an adventive occurrence on the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts. In Wolin Island, the species has become established in the natural habitat and is clearly spreading in recent years. The community with L. tatarica was studied currently on the western point of Wolin Island along the stretch between the mouth of the Świna (Swine) River and a newly constructed breakwater of the external harbour. The taxon occupies relatively low parts of the sandy elevations of dune ridges, in patches of the Honckenyo-Agropyretum juncei association (habitat 2110). Furthermore, L. tatarica has been reported in recent years from some locations in Świnoujście (Usedom (Uznam) Island), Międzyzdroje, Wisełka and Międzywodzie.

Baltic Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schnakenbourg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the Early Modern era, the Baltic Sea was called the Nordic Mediterranean because of its unique outlet on the high seas and its narrowness. Like its southern counterpart, the Baltic is at the crossroads of several peoples and cultures. Also like the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic had different populations on each of its shores, yet in another way facilitated relations and became a space for interconnections. Throughout its history, peoples from Scandinavia, Poland, Germany, Russia, and the Baltic lands developed not only all sorts of peaceful relations and exchanges, but also competed with each other in long-lasting rivalries or military confrontations. Between the 16th century and the first half of the 19th century, the Baltic region experienced dramatic internal and external changes resulting from its ever-growing connections with the rest of Europe. Baltic issues, however, did not have the same importance for all the surrounding countries: it was the only horizon for Sweden, which enjoyed sovereignty over Finland until 1809, and the main horizon for Denmark, which ruled Norway until 1814. For Scandinavians, the Baltic Sea was a necessary interface for various kinds of exchanges with the external world, whether regional neighbors or continental Europe. In one way or another, the history of the Swedish and Danish kingdoms is interwoven with the history of the Baltic. Scandinavians devoted great attention to this neighboring sea for their shipping and trade, as well as for their security and political influence. The situation is somewhat similar for the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria), which were always under foreign rule, first Swedish then Russian, in the Early Modern period. On the other side of the sea, for the German states, the Polish Republic, and the Russian Empire, the Baltic was simply one theater of foreign policy among others, even though its importance changed over time according to the political or economic context. As for commerce, while during the Middle Ages the Baltic region traded with the rest of Europe, starting in the 16th century, the situation changed as the continental economy shifted from the Mediterranean to the northwest. European population growth and the development of long-distance shipping and commerce meant increasing needs for grain and naval stores. This created new demand for Baltic economic resources and products and for transporting those exports. Consequently, new international rivalries and struggles occurred in the Baltic. At first, these conflicts were among the regional countries, but increasingly the main European powers as well. The Baltic Sea then became an important theater for European international politics, and almost every continental war had a Baltic component. The history of the Baltic Sea from the 16th century to the middle of the 19th century must be considered from two perspectives: first, relations among the regional countries and peoples; and second, relations with the world outside the Baltic, whether foreign powers and regions or even other seas, for political, military, and trade matters.

Key to Mexico and Central America genera of Acanthocinini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) without erect setae on elytral surface, excluding the Caribbean Islands

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4861 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-337
Author(s):  
MIGUEL A. MONNÉ ◽  
ANTONIO SANTOS-SILVA ◽  
MARCELA L. MONNÉ
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

A key for identification of the 46 genera of Acanthocinini without erect setae on the elytra and which occur in Mexico and Central America is provided. The 46 genera include 809 species of which 302 in Mexico and Central America. Diagnosis for each genus is provided, as well as type-locality and geographical distribution of the type-species. The monophyly (a non-exclusive cladistic term, already in use since the 19th century) of Acanthocinus (Acanthocinus) Dejean, 1821 is questioned, indicating the need for a complete review of the subgenus, including American and non-American species. The dubious monophyly of Eleothinus Bates, 1881, and Pseudastylopsis Dillon, 1956 is also indicated. The inclusion of Alphinellus Bates, 1881 in Acanthocinini is questioned, but its maintenance or exclusion from the tribe depends on the study of the type species, which was not possible at the moment. The possibility of the synonymy between Lepturginus Gilmour, 1959 and Urgleptes Dillon, 1956, as well as the synonymy between the two species currently included in the former, are suggested. 

Geodetic foundations of cartography in Europe in 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 977 (11) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
М. Lapaine
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geodetic Surveying

Geodetic surveying comprises the determination of locations on and the dimensions of the earth’s surface at a various scales. In the 19th century, its technologies are those of direct measurement of the earth’s surface combined with astronomical observations. Its social context encompasses all those individuals and institutions involved in the creation, preservation, use, and arrangement of knowledge of the earth. In the introductory part of the paper the author mentions several important events in the history of the 19th century geodesy. Geodetic work on determining the size of the Earth by measuring the lengths of the meridian arcs continues in this century. An international surveying organization was established and the international meter convention adopted. Basing on a detailed research of geodetic surveying in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the 19th century, a part of these surveys is presented that relates to Switzerland, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. Common to all these geodetic surveys is that they were necessary for the development of cartography and were carried out by military institutions. The developed geodetic networks are characterized by the use of different ellipsoids, different prime meridians, different coordinate systems and their origin. In the area under consideration in the 19th century, there were five different ellipsoids in use suggested by Bessel, Bonenberger, Schmidt, Valbeck and Zach. Prime meridians were

scholarly journals Partial taxonomic revision of Amphoriscus Haeckel, 1870 (Porifera: Calcarea), with description of A. decennis sp. nov.

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5061 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-68
Author(s):  
CLÉSLEI CHAGAS ◽  
FERNANDA F. CAVALCANTI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
A New Species

Amphoriscus is the type genus of the family Amphoriscidae. Since its nomination in the 19th century, its diagnosis has undergone significant changes. Most of the species currently assigned to Amphoriscus have only been reported once, when they were first described. Furthermore, unlike other Amphoriscidae genera, new Amphoriscus species are not commonly described. Therefore, the understanding of the diversity, distribution, and morphology of the genus remains fragmented, a lacuna that is being filled slowly. In this study, several species were revisited by the redescription of type and/or additional specimens. This results in considerable advances, including changes in the geographical distribution of A. cylindrus and A. chrysalis, a proposal of reallocation of A. dohrni in Leuconia, recognition of A. gastrorhabdifera as incertae sedis, a detailed description of the type species based on a set of specimens and, finally, the description of a new species, A. decennis sp. nov.  

scholarly journals The Woodlands: Archeological Investigations at the Sam Houston Home, Huntsville, Walker County, Texas

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Structural Character ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Historical Accuracy ◽  
The 19Th Century

The following report prepared by John W. Clark, Jr. presents the findings made during archeological excavations carried out at the site of Sam Houston's home, "The Woodlands," in Huntsville, Texas. The primary aim of the excavations was to search for evidence of the original alignment and character of the Houston Horne in order to assist efforts to restore the structure to its original configurations. Of particular concern were the original location of the house, the character of the original chimneys and a determination of the presence or absence of a front porch. This mission was only partially successful due to repeated disturbances in and around the site during more than a century of use following the Houston occupation. The alignment and structural character of the rear of the house were documented; however, subsurface evidence of the chimneys and the porch appear to have been destroyed during the years after Sam Houston moved from "The Woodlands." descriptive in condensing traditionally admirable job A secondary aim was to locate the original kitchen site if possible. Evidence from the excavations suggests that the representative kitchen structure which currently exists at the site is situated in approximately the same position as the original detached kitchen. No structural details of the Houston era kitchen were encountered. The final aim of these investigations was to provide documentation of the nature and extent of several additions to the original house which were made during the latter part of the 19th Century. Substantial structural evidence relating to this period of occupation was uncovered in the excavations. Although this report is in nature, Mr. Clark has condensed a large body of data into manageable form. The information presented in this report should prove helpful in obtaining historical accuracy in the restoration program now under way at the Houston Home.

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