Formal recognition of six subordinate taxa within the South American bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum (P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s.l.—Dennstaedtiaceae), based on morphology and geography

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 333 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO B. SCHWARTSBURD ◽  
AGUSTINA YAÑEZ ◽  
JEFFERSON PRADO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Formal Recognition

Based on the morphological study of ca. 470 specimens and geographical studies, we here propose the recognition of six morphotypes within the South American Pteridium esculentum (= P. arachnoideum s.l., or P. aquilinum var. arachnoideum sensu Tryon, or P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum sensu Thomson). Three of them are widely distributed and well-defined, and we regard them as subspecies of P. esculentum: P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s. str., P. esculentum subsp. campestre, comb. et stat. nov., and P. esculentum subsp. gryphus. The other three are more rare. One of these is a pedomorphic form of P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, which we name as P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum var. paedomorficum, nom. nov. The other is a glabrous form of P. esculentum subsp. gryphus, which we name P. esculentum subsp. gryphus var. harpianum, var. nov. The third is a putative hybrid between P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum and P. esculentum subsp. campestre. All six taxa are keyed, described, illustrated, mapped, and discussed. Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum s. str. forms an arc of distribution from eastern, to southern, to western South America (but not occurring west of the Andes); Pteridium esculentum subsp. campestre forms an arc of distribution from northeastern Brazil to northern South America (not occurring west of the Andes either); and P. esculentum subsp. gryphus forms an arc of distribution from western to northern South America (occurring also west of the Andes and in Galapagos). This one is morphologically more similar to the Australasian P. esculentum subsp. esculentum.

A clarification of the name Carex hypsipedos C.B.Clarke (Cyperaceae) and a new name for the South American Carex section Acrocystis taxon

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 291 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. POINDEXTER ◽  
M. ESCUDERO ◽  
P. JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
New Name ◽  
Additional Detail ◽  
Mixed Collection

In 1906, Clarke described C. hypsipedos based on specimens of Weberbauer 2617 and placed this species in subgenus Vignea. In 1909, Kükenthal also described the name C. umbellata var. depressa on the basis of the number Weberbauer 2617, a species attributed to section Acrocystis of subgenus Carex. Wheeler in 1988 also placed C. hypsipedos in section Acrocystis while reducing Kükenthal’s name to synonymy. During a recent herbarium survey, we studied syntypes corresponding to Weberbauer 2617 at B, F, G, and MOL. The study of these materials revealed important inconsistencies between the specimens and Clarke’s protologue and Wheeler’s study, suggesting that Weberbauer 2617 is a mixed collection of two different species. One plant conforms to Carex sect. Acrocystis, while the other bears resemblance to subgenus Vignea. Several salient characters distinguish these two taxa from each other, most notably including: stigmas 3 vs. stigmas 2, achenes trigonous vs. lenticular, and perigynium pubescent to puberulent vs. glabrous. Carex hypsipedos from Peru, corresponding to Clarke’s original description, is here lectotypified. The Carex sect. Acrocystis species is assigned a new name, Carex punicola, from Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru (South America). In addition to Wheeler’s (1988) observations, we here provide additional detail and illustration of this species. It is closely related to C. geophila, another American species in section Acrocystis.

scholarly journals Projected End-of-Century Changes in the South American Monsoon in the CESM Large Ensemble

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (18) ◽  
pp. 7859-7874
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia Thome Sena ◽  
Gudrun Magnusdottir
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Ensemble ◽  
South American Monsoon ◽  
The Mean

AbstractProjected changes in the South American monsoon system by the end of the twenty-first century are analyzed using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS). The wet season is shorter in LENS when compared to observations, with the mean onset occurring 19 days later and the mean retreat date 21 days earlier in the season. Despite a precipitation bias, the seasonality of rainfall over South America is reproduced in LENS, as well as the main circulation features associated with the development of the South American monsoon. Both the onset and retreat of the wet season over South America are delayed in the future compared to current climate by 3 and 7 days, respectively, with a slightly longer wet season. Central and southeastern Brazil are projected to get wetter as a result of moisture convergence from the strengthening of the South Atlantic low-level jet and a weaker South Atlantic subtropical high. The Amazon is projected to get drier by the end of the century, negatively affecting rain forest productivity. During the wet season, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events is found over most of South America, and especially over northeastern and southern Brazil and La Plata. Meanwhile, during the dry season an increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days is found over northeastern Brazil and the northern Amazon.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Regional Security Complex Theory: A South American view between 2008-2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Tamires Aparecida Ferreira Souza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Complex Theory ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Argument

With this article, we propose to reformulate the Regional Security Complex Theory, by Buzan and Waever, through a South American vision, with the time frame 2008-2016. To this end, we will analyse South America through Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, and their forms of intra and extra-regional interaction, highlighting the Colombia-United States relations, and the South American Defence Council, of the Union of South American Nations. This article is divided into a first section marked by an understanding of the Regional Complex Theory, in which we present and discuss its theoretical elements and weaknesses, and propose theoretical changes that will guide our analysis. The second section contains information about the South American Complex in the academic view, focusing on the arguments of Buzan and Waever. In the third section, we present the South American Regional Security Complex restructured, as well as the analysis of its dynamics. The central argument of the article is the need to reformulate the Theory in question for a better understanding of the complexities and unique characteristics of South America.

First record and a new species of Megarthrus Curtis (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Proteininae) from the Colombian Central Andes

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2916 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
MARGARITA M. LÓPEZ-GARCÍA ◽  
DIANA M. Méndez-Rojas ◽  
JOSÉ LUÍS NAVARRETE-HEREDIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
First Record ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
A New Species

The genus Megarthrus Curtis 1829 with about 139 species described around the world, is the largest of the subfamily Proteininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (Cuccodoro 2011). Megarthrus is distributed worldwide (Cuccodoro 1999) but it is apparently more diverse in the Holartic region (Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). However, the South American fauna is underestimated because many of the collected specimens are not yet described (Cuccodoro 2011). Newton et al. (2005) cited the genus as probable in Colombia because some species are known from Central America and northern South America, but until now, no species has been published from Colombia. Therefore, M. andinus sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus and subfamily for this country.

scholarly journals Daily Precipitation Statistics for South America: An Intercomparison between NCEP Reanalyses and Observations

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane B. S. Silva ◽  
Vernon E. Kousky ◽  
R. Wayne Higgins
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Monsoon System ◽  
Dry Bias

Abstract In this study, the authors document the extent to which the precipitation statistics of the new CFS reanalysis (CFSR) represent an improvement over the earlier reanalyses: the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (R1) and the NCEP–DOE Second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis (R2). An intercomparison between the CFSR, R1, R2, and observations over South America was made for the period 1979–2006. The CFSR shows notable improvements in the large-scale precipitation patterns compared with the previous reanalyses (R1 and R2). In spite of these improvements, the CFSR has substantial biases in intensity and frequency of occurrence of rainfall events. Over west-central Brazil, the core region of the South American monsoon system (SAMS), the CFSR displays a dry bias during the onset phase of the SAMS wet season and a wet bias during the peak and decay phases of the SAMS wet season. The CFSR also displays a dry bias along the South American coast near the mouth of the Amazon and along the east coast of northeastern Brazil. A wet bias exists in all seasons over southeast Brazil and over the Andes Mountains.

scholarly journals Observational evidences on the modulation of the South American Low Level Jet east of the Andes according the ENSO variability

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. M. Silva ◽  
T. Ambrizzi ◽  
J. A. Marengo
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
La Plata ◽  
The Andes ◽  
La Plata Basin ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies ◽  
Low Level Jet

Abstract. The differences on the phase and wavelength of the quasi-stationary waves over the South America generated by El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) events seem to affect the daily evolution of the South American Low Level Jet east of the Andes (SALLJ). For the austral summer period of 1977–2004 the SALLJ episodes detected according to Bonner criterion 1 show normal to above-normal frequency in EN years, and in LN years the episodes show normal to below-normal frequency. During EN and LN years the SALLJ episodes were associated with positive rainfall anomalies over the La Plata Basin, but more intense during LN years. During EN years the increase in the SALLJ cases were associated to intensification of the Subtropical Jet (SJ) around 30° S and positive Sea Level Pressure (SLP) anomalies over the western equatorial Atlantic and tropical South America, particularly over central Brazil. This favored the intensification of the northeasterly trade winds over the northern continent and it channeled by the Andes mountain to the La Plata Basin region where negative SLP are found. The SALLJ cases identified during the LN events were weaker and less frequent when compared to those for EN years. In this case the SJ was weaker than in EN years and the negative SLP anomalies over the tropical continent contributed to the inversion of the northeasterly trade winds. Also a southerly flow anomaly was generated by the geostrophic balance due to the anomalous blocking over southeast Pacific and the intense cyclonic transient over the southern tip of South America. As result the warm tropical air brought by the SALLJ encounters the cold extratropical air from the southerly winds over the La Plata basin. This configuration can increase the conditional instability over the La Plata basin and may explain the more intense positive rainfall anomalies in SALLJ cases during LN years than in EN years.

A Quaternary record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma villosum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with a revised lower molar terminology

Mammalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme S.T. Garbino ◽  
Valéria da C. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Left Mandible ◽  
Lower Molar

Abstract We report the first Quaternary record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma villosum from South America based on a left mandible fragment collected in the Gruta dos Brejões, late Quaternary of northeastern Brazil. This material has been identified over the course of our revisionary work of the genus Chiroderma, including all species distributed in South America (Chiroderma doriae, Chiroderma salvini, Chiroderma trinitatum, Chiroderma villosum and Chiroderma vizottoi). Our results revealed that several characters of the second lower molar (m2), and of the posterior mandible may be used to identify and to diagnose the South American Chiroderma. We also revisited the historical interpretation of homologies of the lower molar cusps of Chiroderma, and propose a revised molar cusp terminology.

scholarly journals A mid-Holocene climate reconstruction for eastern South America

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 2117-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Prado ◽  
I. Wainer ◽  
C. M. Chiessi ◽  
M.-P. Ledru ◽  
B. Turcq
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
South Atlantic Convergence Zone ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Holocene Climate ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Summer Insolation

Abstract. The mid-Holocene (6000 calibrated years before present) is a key period in palaeoclimatology because incoming summer insolation was lower than during the late Holocene in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas the opposite happened in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the effects of the decreased austral summer insolation over South American climate have been poorly discussed by palaeodata syntheses. In addition, only a few of the regional studies have characterised the mid-Holocene climate in South America through a multiproxy approach. Here, we present a multiproxy compilation of mid-Holocene palaeoclimate data for eastern South America. We compiled 120 palaeoclimatological datasets, which were published in 84 different papers. The palaeodata analysed here suggest a water deficit scenario in the majority of eastern South America during the mid-Holocene if compared to the late Holocene, with the exception of northeastern Brazil. Low mid-Holocene austral summer insolation caused a reduced land–sea temperature contrast and hence a weakened South American monsoon system circulation. This scenario is represented by a decrease in precipitation over the South Atlantic Convergence Zone area, saltier conditions along the South American continental margin, and lower lake levels.

scholarly journals First Record of an Anthurid Isopod, Cyathura Univam sp. n., on the South American Continent

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazare Botosaneanu
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Continent

Description of Cyathura univam sp. n. (Isopoda: Anthuridea), a depigmented and eyeless species from oligohaline cave water, at Mayorquines (Peninsula de Morocoy, Venezuela). This is the first species of the suborder to be found in South America. It is related to two stygobiont species, one from Curaçao and the other from Aruba.

Notes on South American Carex section Schiedeanae and description of the new species Carex roalsoniana

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS ◽  
MARCIAL ESCUDERO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern South America

The new species Carex roalsoniana (Cyperaceae) from Ecuador and Peru (northern South America) is here described and illustrated. It is related to C. subandrogyna, a species that has been placed in section Schiedeanae. An additional incertae sedis species, Carex lepida from Ecuador, may also be related to them. Section Schiedanae is a morphologically well-defined group previously known from southern North America (southern USA and Mexico), and southern South America (northern Argentina and southern Bolivia). The new species presents very clear-cut characters that distinguish it from all the other members of the section. Specifically, C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna differ in utricle morphology (3.6–4.1 mm long, with a beak 0.5–1.2 mm in C. roalsoniana vs. 2.4–2.9 mm long, with a beak up to 0.3 mm long or beakless in C. subandrogyna) and leaves (up to 3–4 mm wide, stiff, in C. roalsoniana vs. up to 5.6–7.5 mm wide, very soft in C. subandrogyna). Carex lepida is easily distinguished from C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna because its habit (rhizomes elongated vs. rhizomes densely caespitose) and number of stigmas (two vs. three). The glabrous nerveless utricles of the three South American species distinguish them from the North American species of the section, which have scabrid to hispidulous, conspicuously nerved utricles. The formal ascription of C. lepida among the South American members of section Schiedeanae is also discussed. A brief key to distinguish C. lepida and C. roalsoniana from the other species of the section and the co-occurring species is provided.

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