Hyper-validation of five nomina of amphibians and reptiles threatened by senior synonyms or homonyms

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3221 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAIN DUBOIS ◽  
ROGER BOUR
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Lacerta Viridis

Five nomina of amphibians and reptiles introduced by Laurenti (1768) and traditionally used in European herpetology (Hyla,Natrix, Lacerta viridis, Podarcis muralis, Triturus cristatus) are threatened by senior synonyms or homonyms published earlierby Garsault (1764) in a work that has long remained unnoticed by herpetologists. In a previous paper, we used Article 23.9.1 ofthe Code on reversal of precedence to validate these well-known nomina. The validity of our action was challenged because wehad only used indirect evidence for this validation, quoting a single reference for each of these five nomina instead of 25. Herewe argue that our action was indeed valid under the Code, but, to preclude any further discussion, we provide 25 references or more to the use of each of these five nomina in order to “hyper-validate” them.

"Scan" behaviour in Podarcis muralis: the use of vantage points by an actively foraging lizard

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Avery ◽  
Annabel Basker ◽  
Claudia Corti
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Rapid Heating ◽  
Thin Strip ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Podarcis Sicula ◽  
Lacerta Viridis ◽  
Lower Heating Rate ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
Rapid Heating Rate ◽  
Lower Heating

AbstractTwo adult Podarcis muralis whose normal movements incorporated the flat top of a wall, frequently paused so that they were looking outwards from an edge ("scan" posture), especially during longer (≥9 s) periods immobile. Investigations of the posture on raised wooden platforms in outdoor enclosures, using two juvenile lizards, showed that (1) lizards spent significantly more time on platforms than would be expected from random movement, and this was not because wood is a favoured substrate for basking; (2) lizards which were immobile on platforms spent significantly more time at edges than would be expected by chance; (3) body orientations at 67.5-112.5° to the edge were the most frequent and these were maintained for significantly longer periods than the remaining orientations; exceptions were from 0800-0900 h when orientation was often parallel to the edge facing the sun and from 1200-1300 h with only a thin strip of shade at 45°, into which the lizards fitted themselves. Lizards basking in the laboratory beneath a tungsten bulb at the edge of a raised platform adopted outward-facing orientations when the platform height was ≥6 mm. When presented with a choice between basking more effectively (i.e. rapid heating rate) or adopting the "scan" posture at an edge with a lower heating rate or with no heating, they opted for the former. Podarcis sicula, P. filfolensis, Lacerta viridis and L. vivipara all showed an excess of outward-facing orientations when the basking bulbs were place near edges of platforms, but Psammodromus hispanicus did not. Only the two Podarcis species, however, spent more time on raised platforms than would be expected by chance when basking was possible at many sites in an arena.

Observations on the Herpetofauna of the Builavânturariţa Massif (Southern Carpathians, Romania )

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Alexandru Iftime ◽  
Oana Iftime
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Lissotriton Vulgaris ◽  
Hyla Arborea ◽  
Bombina Variegata ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Southern Carpathians

Abstract The results of herpetological investigations in the Buila-Vânturariţa massif (Southern Carpathians, Romania) and its surrounding areas are reported here. 19 amphibian and reptile species were identified (Salamandra salamandra, Triturus cristatus, Ichthyosaura alpestris, Lissotriton vulgaris, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, B. viridis, Hyla arborea, Rana temporaria, R. dalmatina, Pelophylax ridibundus, P. lessonae, Emys orbicularis, Lacerta agilis, L. viridis, Podarcis muralis, Zootoca vivipara, Zamenis longissimus, Natrix natrix) and are presented together with distribution and ecological data.

Microhabitat use, seasonal activity and diet of the snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii fitzingeri) in comparison with sympatric lacertids in Hungary

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Herczeg ◽  
Tibor Kovács ◽  
Zoltán Korsós ◽  
János Török
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Lacerta Viridis

AbstractMicrohabitat selection and seasonal activity of the snake-eyed skink, Ablephaus kitaibelii fitzingeri, are compared to the two lacertid lizards (Lacerta viridis and Podarcis muralis) that co-occur in many of its habitats. The food composition of A. k. fitzingeri is also described. Significant differences in microhabitat selection and seasonal activity among the three species were found. The snake-eyed skink was associated with open grasslands, and with a low level of scrub, bare soil and rock cover. The microhabitat preference of L. viridis was quite similar to that of the skink, but with a higher preference for scrub. P. muralis occurred in places with greater rock and bare soil cover, and more scrub than A. k. fitzingeri. Activity of the snake-eyed skink decreased dramatically in summer, probably because of the reduced thermal inertia originating from the extremely small size of this species, but its seasonal activity overlapped with those of the lacertids. Stomach content analysis of the snake-eyed skink suggests that it is a generalist predator of small, mainly flightless arthropod prey. Competition with juvenile lacertids and predation by adult L. viridis are conceivable for the snake-eyed skink.

Contributions to the Knowledge Regarding the Distribution and Ecology of the Herpetofauna of Ţarcu Massif (Southern Carpathians, Romania)

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Alexandru Iftime ◽  
Oana Iftime
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Lissotriton Vulgaris ◽  
Hyla Arborea ◽  
Bombina Variegata ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Southern Carpathians

Abstract The results of herpetological investigations in the Ţarcu massif (Southern Carpathians, Romania) and its surrounding areas are reported here. 21 amphibian and reptile forms were identified (Salamandra salamandra, Triturus cristatus, Ichthyosaura alpestris, Lissotriton vulgaris, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, B. viridis, Hyla arborea, Rana temporaria, R. dalmatina, Pelophylax ridibundus, P. kl. esculentus, Lacerta agilis, L. viridis, Zootoca vivipara, Podarcis muralis, Anguis colchica, Zamenis longissimus, Natrix natrix, N. tessellata, Vipera ammodytes) and are presented together with distribution and ecological data.

Comments on new names and nomenclatural acts of amphibians and non-avian sauropsids established by Garsault 1764 and Laurenti 1768 (response to Dubois & Bour 2010)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2814 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. WELTER-SCHULTES ◽  
R. KLUG
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
General Reference ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
Single Entity ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Fixed Type ◽  
A Current

This is a response to a recent work published by Dubois & Bour (2010, Zootaxa 2447: 1-52) on the nomenclatural status of some taxa established by Garsault (1764) and Laurenti (1768). We have a substantially deviating interpretation of the ICZN Code concerning the involved names and nomenclatural acts. We see no major problem in regarding most of Laurenti's (1768) species-group names that were published as separate words ("technically trinominal names") as consistent with the Principle of Binominal Nomenclature. Presence or absence of a hyphen in a compound specific name is not a criterion for binominality, instead the grammatical relationships of the separate words have to be analysed for eventually forming a "single entity" as demanded by Art. 11.9.5. Dubois & Bour (2010) proposed a new procedure for the treatment of early genus-group names which were originally established without species included. We do not think this proposal is in accordance with the ICZN Code, and recommend to use the names Bufo, Salamandra, Scincus and Vipera in the widely accepted sense and simply shift authority and date of these four names from Laurenti (1768) to Garsault (1764). In two cases we regard nomenclautural acts published by Dubois & Bour (2010) as risky. The widely used names Hyla Laurenti, 1768 (Amphibia) and Natrix Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata) are threatened because Dubois & Bour (2010) validly and unnecessarily fixed type species for the senior synonyms Ranetta Garsault, 1764 and Serpens Garsault, 1764, and at the same occasion missed to protect Hyla and Natrix effectively under Art. 23.9.2. They intended to protect the names under Art. 23.9.1.2, but instead of meeting the requirement to "give evidence" that the conditions were met, they gave only indirect references to general bibliographical lists. We regard this as ineffective as would be a general reference to the Zoological Record or any other bibiographical work. These two important generic names should be protected effectively under Art. 23.9.2, by citing 25 publications and not only one, before someone uses the names Ranetta and Serpens at one occasion deliberately or undeliberately in a current classification, and suppressing them validly under Art. 23.9.2 would not be possible any more. The same applies to Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) (Amphibia: Salamandridae) and Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata: Lacertidae).

Efficacy of Crisis Intervention

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reisch ◽  
Petra Schlatter ◽  
Wolfgang Tschacher
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Step Therapy ◽  
Long Term Therapy ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the efficacy of the treatment approach implemented in the Bern Crisis Intervention Program, where particular emphasis is placed on the remediation of suicide ideation and suicidal behavior, and depression, fear, and phobia are generally considered to be contributing factors. Four questionnaires addressing psychopathology, emotional well-being, social anxiety, and personality were administered prior to and after the treatment of 51 patients over a period of 2 to 3 weeks. The reduction of symptoms contributing to suicidal ideation and behavior was interpreted as indirect evidence of an antisuicidal effect of the program. Significant improvements were found in the psychopathology ratings, with depression and anxiety showing the largest reductions. The impact on personality and social phobia, however, was only moderate, and on average patients still exhibited symptoms after attending the program. This residual symptomatology points to the necessity of introducing a two-step therapy approach of intensive intervention targeted at the precipitating causes of the crisis, augmented by long-term therapy to treat underlying problems.

Prevalence of Factor V Leiden Mutation in Non-European Populations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (02) ◽  
pp. 329-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmina Pepe ◽  
Olga Rickards ◽  
Olga Camacho Vanegas ◽  
Tamara Brunelli ◽  
Anna Maria Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Factor V Leiden Mutation ◽  
The World ◽  
Fv Leiden ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
European Populations ◽  
Apparently Healthy

SummaryA difference in the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (TE) in major human groups has been described and an uneven distribution of FV Leiden mutation over the world has recently been reported.We investigated FV Leiden mutation in 584 apparently healthy sub#jects mostly from populations different from those previously investi#gated: 170 Europeans (Spanish, Italians), 101 sub-saharan Africans (Fon, Bariba, Berba, Dendi), 115 Asians (Indonesians, Chinese, Tharus), 57 Amerindians (Cayapa), 84 Afroamericans (Rio Cayapa, Viche), and 57 Ethiopians (Amhara, Oromo).The mutation was detected in only 1/115 Asian (Tharu) and in 5/170 Europeans (4 Italians, 1 Spanish).These data confirm that in non-Europeans the prevalence of FV mutation is at least 7 times lower than in Europeans and provide indirect evidence of a low prevalence not only of the FV Leiden gene but also of other genes leading to more severe thrombophilia. Finally, findings from the literature together with those pertaining to this study clearly show a marked heterogeneity among Europeans.

Blood Viscosity and Platelet Aggregation in Male and Female Patients with Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIA)

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Palareti ◽  
M. Poggi ◽  
G. Fortunato ◽  
S. Coccheri
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attacks ◽  
Group A ◽  
Circulating Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Group B ◽  
Almost All

A series of 40 patients with TIA (25 males and 15 females) was thoroughly investigated by means of angiography and computerized tomography, and divided into a group (A) of 15 “sine materia”, and a group (B) of 25 with direct or indirect evidence of vascular occlusive or stenotic changes. Blood viscosity at 230 sec-1 37° was cp 4.2 ± 0.3 in the controls, cp 4.7 ± 0.7 in all patients (p < 0.05) cp 4.98 ± 0.7 in all male patients (p < 0.01 versus male controls), and cp 4.75 ± 0.8 in group B (p < 0.02). Haematocrit and Fibrinogen were also significantly increased in all male patients and in group B. Circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) were increased in 40% of the patients. Almost all patients with elevated CPA were males, with a slight prevalence in group B. Changes in blood viscosity parameters and in platelet aggregation in TIA patients were therefore related both to evidence of vascular lesions, and to sex, since they were found to prevail in male patients of both groups.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document