Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3296 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
HORIA R. GALEA ◽  
DIRK SCHORIES
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Intermediate Zone ◽  
Present Material ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographical Regions

This report supplements a series of earlier accounts on the hydrozoan fauna of Chile, and discusses 34 species of hydroidsand one hydromedusa. The available collection was gathered from three distinct biogeographical regions: the southernborder of the Peruvian Province around Punta de Choros, the southern Intermediate Zone around Corral, and the northernand southern parts of the Magellan Province, around Reloncaví Sound and in the Strait of Magellan, respectively. All thespecies are fully illustrated and, when necessary, data on the cnidome composition are provided. Six species, Haleciumannuliforme, Sertularella curvitheca, Sertularella mixta, Symplectoscyphus patagonicus, Halopteris plumosa, and Clytiareloncavia, are described as new. The gonothecae of Halecium fjordlandicum Galea, 2007, Symplectoscyphusmagellanicus (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890), and Campanularia hartlaubi (El Beshbeeshy, 2011) are described for thefirst time, while those of Kirchenpaueria curvata (Jäderholm, 1904) were rediscovered and are accurately redescribed.Morphological differences between C. hartlaubi and C. lennoxensis (Jäderholm, 1903), two species with similartrophosomes, are highlighted. Large, fertile specimens of Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904, as well as a female colonyof Hydractinia parvispina Hartlaub, 1905, allowed new redescriptions to be made. Due to insufficient taxonomicinformation on several species created more than a century ago, two Chilean records are doubtfully assigned toSertularella implexa (Allman, 1888) and Sertularella lagena Allman, 1876, respectively, the former represented by fertilespecimens, and thus allowing the first description of its gonothecae. The long history of the confused taxonomy of SouthAmerican "Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884)" is now entirely settled. All the available records areconfidently assigned to the synonymy of Symplectoscyphus filiformis (Allman, 1888), whose sexual dimorphism ofgonothecae, first indicated by Totton (1930), is confirmed in light of the present material. Five species represent newrecords for the country: Staurocladia vallentini (Browne, 1902), Samuraia tabularasa Mangin, 1991, H. pallens,Sertularella blanconae El Beshbeeshy, 2011, and Symplectoscyphus paraglacialis El Beshbeeshy, 2011, the latter twobeing redescribed. Due to the scarcity of available material and the lack of gonophores of both sexes, six species ofEudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 could be identified to genus only. Similarly, a species of Sertularella Gray, 1848 and twobelonging to Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890, are awaiting reliable identifications based on fertile specimens. A species of Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 could not be determined to species in the absence of life cycle studies.

The Strait of Magellan—a Gateway to New Worlds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Onetto Pavez
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Modern World ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The World ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The year 2020 marks the five hundredth anniversary of the “discovery” of the Strait of Magellan. The unveiling of this passage between 1519 and 1522 allowed the planet to be circumnavigated for the first time in the history of humanity. All maritime routes could now be connected, and the idea of the Earth, in its geographical, cosmographic, and philosophical dimensions, gained its definitive meaning. This discovery can be considered one of the founding events of the modern world and of the process of globalization that still continues today. This new connectivity awoke an immediate interest in Europe that led to the emergence of a political consciousness of possession, domination, and territorial occupation generalized on a global scale, and the American continent was the starting point for this. This consciousness also inspired a desire for knowledge about this new form of inhabiting the world. Various fields of knowledge were redefined thanks to the new spaces and measurements produced by the discovery of the southern part of the Americas, which was recorded in books on cosmography, natural history, cartography, and manuscripts, circulating mainly between the Americas and Europe. All these processes transformed the Strait of Magellan into a geopolitical space coveted by Europeans during the 16th century. As an interoceanic connector, it was used to imagine commercial routes to the Orient and political projects that could sustain these dynamics. It was also conceived as a space to speculate on the potential wealth in the extreme south of the continent. In addition, on the Spanish side, some agents of the Crown considered it a strategic place for imperial projections and the defense of the Americas.

Demodex antechini sp.nov. (Acari, Demodicidae) parasitic on Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Nutting ◽  
Gordon K. Sweatman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Origin

SUMMARYThe first marsupial demodicid, Demodex antechini, is described with notes on its life cycle, sexual dimorphism and pathology. This species is remarkably similar except for the marked sexual dimorphism, to demodicids of eutherian mammals. This suggests an early origin and a long evolutionary history of parallelism within the genus.Our thanks to Patricia Woolley, Waite Agricultural Institute, Glen Osmond, Australia, for the specimens used in preparing this paper. We would also like to thank Clifford Desch for the photography and the drawings. The work reported here was supported in part by NSF Grant (GB-3516).

America in Some Travelers, Historians, and Political Economists of the Spanish Eighteenth Century

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anthony Tudisco
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Royal Patronage ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Barriers

We can better measure the contributions of the Spanish travelers and historians who penetrated the jungles of the Chaco, crossed the pampas of the Plata region, scaled the Andes and followed the course of the Amazon, the Orinoco and the Paraná if we pause to consider that the vast American continent, even today, presents great, physical barriers to research. Most of the works here studied are the direct result of firsthand observation. An appreciable number, however, do not fall into this category. All of them, nevertheless, offer a rich variety of themes for they abound in descriptions of the land and climate of the United States, the region of the Californias, Mexico, Venezuela, the Guianas, the Gran Chaco, the lands of the Orinoco, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, the countries of the Río de la Plata and the region of the Strait of Magellan. Interest in the flora and fauna of America, so prevalent during this century, is reflected in the numerous chapters devoted to detailed descriptions of plant and animal life. The study of the natural history of America, which had absorbed the interest of so many Spanish writers in preceding centuries, enjoyed a remarkable development under royal patronage during the eighteenth century. The scientific missions sent to America by the Spanish Crown, resulted in the monumental works of Hipólito Ruiz and José Pavón,Florae peruvianae et chilensis prodromus(1794) of which only three of twelve manuscript volumes have been published; Martín Sessé,Flora mexicana, unpublished, and the unpublishedFlora de Santa Fe de Bogotáof José Celestino Mutis whom Baron Humboldt called the illustrious patriarch of American botanists.

Zophobas atratus (Fabricius, 1775) – new genus and species of darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) for the fauna of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
V. N. Fursov ◽  
L. S. Cherney
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Darkling Beetles ◽  
Zophobas Atratus ◽  
Sensory Zone ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Darkling beetle Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) is recorded here for the first time as a new species for the fauna of Ukraine. Detailed study on morphology of preimaginal stages and biology of this species recently introduced to Ukraine, is given here. Zophobas atratus is an important species being easily reared in laboratory cultures and widely distributed in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Detailed descriptions of all life stages, including egg, young and older larvae, pupa and adult of Z. atratus are required for further taxonomical study of the genus Zophobas, which isn’t yet definitively established. New identification keys for adults and larvae of the genera of tribe Tenebrionini are presented here, based on a comparative analysis of the taxonomic characters of adults and larvae of Z. atratus and species from the genera Tenebrio and Neatus. Comparative analysis of morphology of larva of Z. atratus and larvae of the tribe Cteniopodini of close subfamily Alleculinae was conducted here. The subfamily Alleculinae previously had the rank of family Alleculidae, but our analysis confirmed the reliability of its current taxonomic position as subfamily. The study of morphology of larvae of 1st and 2nd instars of Z. atratus revealed that they are characterized by special taxonomic structures that are not characteristic for oldest instars of larvae of Z. atratus. These characters include absence of spines on caudal segment, presence of a set of 4 setae at posterior margin of tergites of prothorax, metathorax, and 1st to 8th abdominal segments, strongly convex 2nd antennal segment and sensory zone in the form of an open ring on its apex, and etc. Moreover, structure of antenna of larvae of Z. atratus is similar to that of oldest larvae of most species of darkling beetles of the fauna of Ukraine. The most distinctive features of Z. atratus are: sexual dimorphism in structure of clypeus of adults; filiform sclerotized antenna of larva with a continuous sensory zone at apex of 2nd segment, weakly developed 3rd segment; fusion of sclerotized pleurites of 1st–8th abdominal segments with their tergites; sexual dimorphism in structure of 9th abdominal segment of pupa, and presence of two hooks on apex of its appendages. The data of original study of features of life cycle of Z. atratus are given. The pictures and photos of details of morphology of egg, larvae, pupa and adult of Z. atratus are presented. It was recored that life cycle of Z. atratus from laying of egg to the emergence of adult continues from 169 up to 181 days. Adults lived maximum up to 206 days. Maturation of eggs in female after copulation continues 10-11 days. Stage of egg continues 7 days, larva – up to 151 days, including pre-pupal period from 6 to 22 days, pupa – from 8 to 21 days. Twelve larval stages of Z. atratus were recorded in laboratory culture.

Rites of Passage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Michaels
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Transformational Process ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Vulnerable Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the classical Hindu life-cycle rites, the term saṃskāra and its history, and the main sources (Gṛhyasūtras and Dharma texts). It presents a history of the traditional saṃskāras and variants in local contexts, especially in Nepal. It describes prenatal, birth and childhood, initiation, marriage, old-age, death, and ancestor rituals. Finally, it analyzes the transformational process of these life-cycle rituals in the light of general theories on rites of passage. It proposes, in saṃskāras, man equates himself with the unchangeable and thus seems to counteract the uncertainty of the future, of life and death, since persons are confronted with their finite existence. For evidently every change, whether social or biological, represents a danger for the cohesion of the vulnerable community of the individual and society. These rituals then become an attempt of relegating the effects of nature or of mortality: birth, teething, sexual maturity, reproduction, and dying.

Sexual dimorphism, deformations, and epibionts of Phrynops tuberosus (Testudines, Chelidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Fabrício Mota Rodrigues ◽  
José Roberto Feitosa Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Body Condition Index ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
Effective Conservation

Studies focusing on the natural history of species are essential for developing effective conservation measures and evaluating ecological hypotheses. To this end, we describe natural history data of the Cotinga River toadhead turtle, Phrynops tuberosus, in the Banabuiú River in Ceará, Brazil, and evaluated sexual dimorphism, epibionts, and mutilation effects. We hand-captured 134 individuals by snorkeling, over a period of one year, resulting in the capture of 94 males, 24 females, and 16 juveniles. Females had larger head width and body mass than males, while males had longer tail length. One quarter of the turtles captured had some sort of injury or deformation, most common injuries being missing claws, mutilations, and shell deformations. We found no difference in body condition index between mutilated and non-mutilated animals. Mollusks, insects, and leeches were found as epibionts on P. tuberosus and most of the captured turtles had extensive algal cover. Future studies should focus on understanding the effect of mutilations on animal fitness and reproductive success.

scholarly journals VI. On a newly discovered extinct ungulate mammal from Patagonia, homalodonto-therium cunninghami

1874 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Fine Gravel ◽  
Organic Remains

The tertiary deposits of the east coast of Patagonia, which yielded to the researches of Mr. Darwin and Admiral Sulivan such interesting and aberrant mammals as Macrauchenia , Nesodon , and Toxodon , have again disclosed a new and remarkable form of extinct animal life. The evidence upon which the existence of this new genus rests consists of a nearly complete set of teeth and some fragments of bone, discovered on the bank of the River Gallegos, by Dr. Robert O. Cunningham, Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Nassau.’ during the voyage undertaken for the purpose of surveying in the Strait of Magellan and the west coast of Patagonia in the years 1866, 1867, 1868, and 1869. The spot was visited in conformity with instructions received before leaving England, “to insti­tute a search for a deposit of fossil bones discovered by Admiral Sulivan and the pre­sent Hydrographer of the Navy, Rear-Admiral G. H. Richards, about twenty years previously, and which Mr. Darwin, Professor Huxley, and other distinguished naturalists were anxious should be carefully examined”. The conditions under which the specimens were found will be best understood from the following additional extract from Dr. Cunningham’s narrative. “Accordingly, joined by the steamer, which again took us in tow, we proceeded onwards till we arrived opposite the first deposit of fallen blocks at the foot of the cliffs. The cutter was then anchored in the stream, while we pulled in towards the shore in the galley till she grounded, when we landed, armed with picks and geological hammers for our work. After examining the first accumulation of blocks, and finding in the soft yellow sandstone of which certain of them were composed some small fragments of bone, we proceeded to walk along the beach, carefully examining the surface of the cliffs and the piles of fragments which occurred here and there at their base. The height of the cliffs varied considerably, and the highest portions, averaging about 200 feet, extended for a distance of about ten miles, and were evidently undergoing a rapid process of disinte­gration, a perpetual shower of small pieces descending in many places, and numerous large masses being in process of detaching themselves from the parent bed. They were principally composed of strata of hard clay (sometimes almost homogeneous in its texture, and at others containing numerous rounded boulders) ; soft yellow sandstone ; sandstone abounding in hard concretions; and, lastly, a kind of conglomerate, resembling solidified, rather fine gravel. The lowermost strata, as a rule, were formed of the sand­ stone with concretions; the middle, of the soft yellow sandstone, which alone appeared to contain organic remains; and the upper, of the gravelly conglomerate and hard clay. Nearly the whole of the lower portion of the cliffs, as well as all the principal deposits of fallen blocks, were examined by us in the course of the walk, and we met with numerous small fragments of bone ; but very few specimens of any size or value occurred, and the generality of these were in such a state of decay as to crumble to pieces when we attempted, although with the utmost amount of care that we could bestow, to remove them from the surrounding mass. To add to this, the matrix in which they were imbedded was so exceedingly soft as not to permit of being split in any given direction. The first fossil of any size observed by us was a long bone, partially protruding from a mass, and dissolved into fragments in the course of my attempts to remove it. At some distance from this a portion of what appeared to be the scapula of a small quadruped, with some vertebrse, occurred; and further on one of the party (Mr. Vereker) directed my attention to a black piece of bone projecting from one side of a large block near its centre. This, which was carefully removed at the expense of a large amount of labour, with a considerable amount of the matrix surrounding it, by three of the officers, to whose zeal in rendering me most valuable assistance in my work I shall ever feel deeply indebted, afterwards proved to be a most valuable specimen for on carefully removing more of the matrix when we returned to the ship, I found that it was the cranium of a quadruped of considerable size, with the dentition of both upper and lower jaws nearly complete. As no other specimens of importance were discovered, we reembarked towards the close of the afternoon.

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