The gall wasp fauna of Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae): species checklist and biogeographical assessment

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4948 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-335
Author(s):  
MAJID TAVAKOLI ◽  
ASADOLLAH HOSSEINI-CHEGENI ◽  
GRAHAM N. STONE ◽  
SEYED E. SADEGHI ◽  
R. J. ATKINSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Species Checklist ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Western Palaearctic

We provide a checklist of the gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae) of Iran, and place these records in a biogeographical perspective on three spatial scales, comprising (i) the Western Palaearctic, (ii) Western Asia (Turkey, the southern Caucasus and the Middle East) and (iii) regions within Iran. We present distribution and biological data for 121 species in 24 genera, representing nine of the 12 known cynipid gall wasp tribes. The most species–rich tribe in Iran is the oak gall wasp tribe Cynipini, with 74 species and 11 genera. Cynipid species richness is highest in the central and northern Zagros, with a distinctively different fauna in the forests along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. Of the species found in Iran, 63 have distributions that extend westwards far into Europe, and can be considered Western Palaearctic species. Twenty four species comprise a distinct eastern component within the Western Palaearctic, with distributions that include Iran and some or all of Turkey, the Middle East and the Caucasus. Twenty one species are apparently endemic to Iran, with distinct Zagros and Caspian components. We highlight biological and phylogeographic processes that may underlie these patterns. 

scholarly journals CASPIAN SEA IN REGIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Aygerim Yergalievna Ibrayeva ◽  
Raikhan Mukhamedzhanovna Tashtemkhanova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Power Centers

The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest inland body of water, with an area of 370 thousand km2 and which washes the territories of five neighboring states – Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. In the Caspian region, the political, military-strategic and economic interests of not only these coastal countries, but also many others, including non-regional ones, are clearly traced. The Caspian region attracts both with its huge reserves of hydrocarbons and its opportunities for their transportation, as it is located at the junction of the regions of the Middle East, Europe, the CIS, South and East Asia. this makes it self-evident that such power centers as the eu, the united states, china, india and others are showing increased interest in the caspian region. their policies in the caucasus, central asia and the middle east have a direct or indirect impact on the caspian region as a whole, as well as on the problems of ensuring its security.

Life conditions of Turkish prisoners on nargin island during the first world war

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (08) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Джамиля Яшар гызы Рустамова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
First World

The article is dedicated to the matter of Turkish prisoners on the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea during the First World War. According to approximate computations, there were about 50-60 thousand people of Turkish captives in Russia. Some of them were sent to Baku because of the close location to the Caucasus Front and from there they were sent to the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea. As time showed it was not the right choise. The Island had no decent conditions for living and turned the life of prisoners into the hell camp. Hastily built barracks contravene meet elementary standards, were poorly heated and by the end of the war they were not heated at all, water supply was unsatisfactory, sometimes water was not brought to the prisoner's several days. Bread was given in 100 grams per person per day, and then this rate redused by half. Knowing the plight of the prisoners, many citizens of Baku as well as the Baku Muslim Charitable Society and other charitable societies provided moral and material support to prisoners, they often went to the camp, brought food, clothes, medicines Key words: World War I, prisoners of war, Nargin Island, refugees, incarceration conditions, starvation, charity

scholarly journals Distribution patterns and conservation status of Crocus species in Iran, one of the diversity centers of Crocus in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-168
Author(s):  
Melika Tabasi ◽  
Ahmadreza Mehrabian ◽  
Sadaf Sayadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Boundary Area ◽  
Universal Transverse Mercator ◽  
Western Asia

Abstract Assessing distribution patterns of valuable taxa plays an important role in the biodiversity conservation of these taxa. The genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) comprises about 100 species that are distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region and western Asia. The present study purposed to assess the distribution patterns of Iranian Crocus species (including C. sativus L. and 8 wild species) and their conservation status in Iran as one of diversity centers of Crocus in the Middle East. A set of geographic distribution data was compiled through field studies, and reviews of herbarium specimens, iNaturalist, and various Flora. Localities were marked on geo-referenced maps (1/106) of Iran using ArcView version 3.2 (Esri, 2000). The distribution patterns of the taxa were mapped per 0.25° × 0.25° universal transverse Mercator grid cells (25 km2 with the exception of boundary area). Based on the species distribution (SDI) (33%) and species specialization (SSI) (44%) indices, those Iranian Crocus species that are threatened are mainly distributed in Irano-Turanian region. The mountainous ecosystems of Almeh and Western Alborz are important distribution centers of these taxa. Iranian Crocus species with SSI < 0.5 (C. almehensis, C. gilanicus, C. michelsonii, and C. caspius) have the highest conservation value.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Manifestations can be the only expression of COVID-19; A Report of hotpoint area in Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hormati ◽  
◽  
Masoudreza Sohrabi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽  
Western Asia

COVID-19 is a worldwide public health problem that has attracted much attention due to its clinical and para-clinical findings. In the western Asia, Qom was the first city to report COVID-19 cases on a large scale. We report gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, as the only primary signs of COVID-19 infection have been reported.

Conflictogenic Zones of Near Abroad: Threat to Russia's Interests

2010 ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
N. Fedulova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Near Abroad

In the present article, the author analyzes the problem of conflict zones around Russia on the post-Soviet space. The events of August 2008 in the Caucasus region highlighted many problems, which should be solved in order to ensure the security of Russia. Moreover, the "frozen" conflicts in South Caucasus and Moldavia carry a destructive potential. Territorial problems exist between Russia and Ukraine. The subject of the Caspian Sea legal status remains unclear, and it is bordered with Central Asia having its own social, ethno-religious and territorial problems, which create the instability belt on the southern borders of Russia. The success of Russia's policy and its global role will be determined foremost by its economic and scientific potential, its capacity for rapid development.

Prehistoric Western Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-94
Author(s):  
Peter M. M. G. Akkermans
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
East Anatolia

This chapter deals with prehistoric Western Asia, ca. 9500–4000 BC, when this region was the focus of a series of far-reaching socioeconomic developments that were to change the world. Early in this period a gradual shift occurred from a mobile hunter-gatherer way of life to sustained settlement in villages that were increasingly dependent upon farming. Later on, social ranking, economic intensification, and craft specialization emerged at sites throughout the Middle East (Anatolia, Iran, Mesopotamia, and the Levant), laying the foundations for the earliest urban societies in the region. The chapter argues that these changes, far from being unilateral or monolithic, reflect significant multicultural developments and long-lasting trajectories of regional differentiation, requiring the agency of innumerable individuals and generations over millennia.

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