Cervical Cancer and Screening Test (PAP Test): Knowledge and Beliefs of Egyptian Women

Objective. Vietnamese American women are at the greatest risk for cervical cancer but have the lowest cervical cancer screening rates. This study was to determine whether demographic and acculturation, healthcare access, and knowledge and beliefs are associated with a prior history of cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese women.Methods. Vietnamese women (n=1450) from 30 Vietnamese community-based organizations located in Pennsylvania and New Jersey participated in the study and completed baseline assessments. Logistic regression analyses were performed.Results. Overall levels of knowledge about cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) are low. Factors in knowledge, attitude, and beliefs domains were significantly associated with Pap test behavior. In multivariate analyses, physician recommendation for screening and having health insurance were positively associated with prior screening.Conclusion. Understanding the factors that are associated with cervical cancer screening will inform the development of culturally appropriate intervention strategies that would potentially lead to increasing cervical cancer screening rates among Vietnamese women.

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Knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among Greek students: a short report

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh.2012.047 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 329-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giannoula D. Bakogianni ◽

Spiridoula C. Goutsou ◽

Maria V. Liti ◽

Sophia I. Rizopoulou ◽

Konstantinos M. Nikolakopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Test ◽

Short Report ◽

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Cervical cancer is a major cause of death in the developing world. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a screening test that detects abnormal cells before they advance to cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among Greek students. A sample of 472 female students participated in the present study. Interviews were performed using a structured questionnaire. Of the participants, 94.07% were aware of the Pap test and 67.34% reported that the Pap test should be done yearly. The majority of them were informed about cervical cancer screening test by their parents. Of the participants, 44.82% had received Pap testing at least once in their life, whereas 36.2% had a Pap test yearly. The reported mean time of the respondents’ first Pap test was 13.3±10.6 months after their first sexual intercourse. The reasons given by the participants for being noncompliant were lack of appreciation of the importance of the screening, embarrassment, fear, and high cost. Of the participants, 9.23% declared that those who had been administered the human papillomavirus vaccine do not need a Pap test. The results highlight the need for additional education and health promotion regarding cervical cancer screening.

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Screening of Cervical Cancer: Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and Site of Lesion Verified by Multiple Punch Biopsies

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2018-0074 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 289-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monira M. Gad ◽

Salma B. Galal ◽

Wafaa Helmy ◽

Naela H Abd El-Fattah

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Screening Test ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Precancerous Lesion ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

University Hospital ◽

Egyptian Women ◽

The Right ◽

The University

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer is the tenth most frequent cancer in Egyptian women. The Papanicolaou screening test is not suitable for rural area as most follow-up consultations never take place. Aim: To evaluate visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid as a screening test. Materials and methods: According to the inclusion criteria, women aged 25-60 years commuting to a gynecological out-patient clinic at the University Hospital went through a visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA). Exclusion criteria were women below 25 years, unmarried, pregnant, menstruating, known to have cancer, having a precancerous lesion or a cervical operation. Multiple punch biopsies were done for all VIA positive cases and a subsample of the VIA negative cases underwent the same. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was evaluated. In addition, the site of the lesion was assessed. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Of the 379 screened women, 17.1% were found to be VIA positive. The sensitivity was found to be 91.3% (79.6%–96.5%) and the specificity 68.5% (57.1%–77.9%). Significantly more women with positive punch biopsies complained of contact bleeding than those with negative punch biopsies. CIN2 and CIN3 were mostly found (77.8%) in the right quadrant, while 74% of CIN1 was found in the lower right and left quadrant. Conclusion: VIA is weak as a test to stand alone but may need a combination with other indicators such as the location of the lesion on the right side of the cervix or contact bleeding. A combined indicator may detect precancerous cervix.

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ThinPrep Pap Test for Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Early Stages

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care ◽

10.31557/apjcc.2019.4.4.141-144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 141-144

Author(s):

Siamak Sabour ◽

Ommolbanin Abbasnezhad ◽

Ali Dastranj Tabrizi ◽

Amir Vahedi ◽

Elmira Mostafidi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Test ◽

Low Grade ◽

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽

Papanicolaou Test ◽

Observer Reliability ◽

Early Stages ◽

Intraepithelial Lesion

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the world’s deadliest forms of cancer and Pap smear is the most popular screening test for diagnosis in early stages. The aim of our study was to assess potential screening rule of ThinPrep Pap test. Methods: In this cross sectional, study Cervical samples were collected from all women who referred to a pathology center for Papanicolaou test and all samples were prepared with ThinPrep process. To assess validity, biopsy was selected as gold standard. 131 women who had ThinPrep Pap test and biopsy were considered for the analysis. The participants were selected purposeful. Three thresholds were used to define test positivity: 1) Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (Asc-us) 2) Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 3) High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and worse. Inter and intra observer reliability were evaluated using kappa (simple and weighted) as well as Fleiss kappa and validity were assessed by the well-known validity estimates for qualitative variables. Results: Intra observer reliability was moderate for pathologists with low and moderate experience (kappa was 0.44 and 0.46 respectively) and was good for experienced pathologist [kappa (WK) = 0.64]; however, inter observer reliability was poor (Fliess kappa=0.12). For diagnosis of ASCUS and worse, the sensitivity was 96.3% and for diagnosis of HSIL and worse the sensitivity and specificity were 86.6% and 95.1%, respectively.Conclusion: ThinPrep pap is an acceptable screening test for diagnosis of cervical cancer in early stages. However, experience and specialty have effect on reliability’s results.

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An appraisal of the level of awareness and utilization of the Pap smear as a cervical cancer screening test among female health workers in a tertiary health institution

International Journal of Gynecological Cancer ◽

10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200605000-00018 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 1063-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E. P. Gharoro ◽

E. N. Ikeanyi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Health Workers ◽

Pap Test ◽

Sexual Partners ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Cancer Screening Test

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is considered the best approach to reduce cervical cancer incidence worldwide. We surveyed 195 female health workers with structured questionnaires to identify factors that could influence the awareness and utilization of the Pap smear as a cervical cancer screening test. More than 65% of the respondents were aware of the disease, cervical cancer, and approximately 64% were aware of the Pap smear test. Seven three (39.7%) of the respondents had their sexual debut (coitarche) before the age of 20 years, while 109 (59.9%) have had multiple sexual partners. The modal number of sexual partners was 3, range 0–8. Pap smear awareness level significantly varied among the categories of the female health workers (P < 0.001). A minority of 14.1% have had a Pap test. There was a significant variation in utilization of Pap test across the various categories of the health workers (Pearson Chi-square 14.67, P < 0.05), and a significant correlation between Pap smear awareness and utilization (P < 0.001). The majority, 89%, believed that they were not at risk of developing cervical cancer. The self-reported utilization of Pap test among health workers was low. While there was a positive correlation between Pap test awareness and utilization, screening uptake was very poor due to a combination of inappropriate beliefs, misapprehension, and deficient knowledge. There is an urgent need for an aggressive awareness campaign and the provision of a screening program nationally.

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Impact of Cancer Awareness Drive on Generating Awareness of and Improving Screening for Cervical Cancer: A Study Among Schoolteachers in India

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.17.00074 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abhishek Shankar ◽

Shubham Roy ◽

Goura Kishor Rath ◽

Abhijit Chakraborty ◽

Vineet Kumar Kamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Screening Test ◽

Pap Test ◽

Women's Colleges ◽

Cancer Awareness ◽

Prevention And Early Detection ◽

Post Test ◽

Awareness Programs ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

Knowledge And Practice

Purpose Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in India. Our study assessed the level and impact of awareness programs in the adoption of safe practices in prevention and early detection. Methods This assessment was part of a Pink Chain Campaign, the mission of which is to fight cancer. During cancer awareness events from 2013 to 2015 at various women’s colleges in different parts in India, a pretest related to cervical cancer was followed by an awareness program. A post-test was conducted 6 months and 1 year later. Results A total of 872 of 985 teachers participated in the study, for a response rate of 88.5%. Mean age of the population was 42.4 years. There was a significant increase in the level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer at 6 months, which was sustained at 1 year. Regarding cervical cancer screening, knowledge and practice of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test as a screening test for cervical cancer among teachers were changed significantly at 6 months and 1 year. More than 75% of teachers were educated by physicians about the Pap test. At the time of the post-test, there was a significant change in alcohol and smoking habits. The main reasons for not undergoing a screening test were ignorance (50%), lethargic attitude (44.8%), and lack of time (34.6%). Conclusion The level of knowledge of cervical cancer was poor. A significant increase in the level of knowledge of cervical cancer among the population was found after this study. To inculcate safe lifestyle practices, awareness programs should be conducted more widely and frequently.

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Testing Cervicography and Cervicoscopy as Screening Tests for Cervical Cancer

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089169307900104 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Silvia Cecchini ◽

Rita Bonardi ◽

Antonia Mazzotta ◽

Grazia Grazzini ◽

Anna Iossa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Positive Predictive Value ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Screening Test ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Pap Test ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Abnormal Cytology

Aims and Background Suboptimal sensitivity is currently reported for Pap test in screening for cervical cancer. Colposcopy is known to be more sensitive than cytology but its use as a screening test is not possible due to costs and complexity. Screening by cervicography has been suggested as a compromise being less costly and feasible. The present study evaluates the feasibility of screening by cervicography and cervicoscopy (naked eye examination of the cervix after acetic acid lavage) on a consecutive screening series. Methods Cervicography and cervicoscopy were performed by the smear taker in subjects consecutively attending a screening clinic. Women with abnormal cytology (atypia or more severe lesion) and/or abnormal cervicography or cervicoscopy (acetowhite lesion) underwent colposcopic assessment. The three screening methods were compared according to positivity rate, CIN 2-3 detection rate and positive predictive value. Results 2105 consecutive subjects were screened. Positivity rate was 3.8 %, 15.3 % or 25.4 % for cytology, cervicography or cervicoscopy, respectively, 486 of 555 women attended the assessment phase, 281 directed biopsies were performed and 8 CIN 2-3 lesions were detected. Cytology, cervicography and cervicoscopy, detected 5.5, or 7 of 8 CIN 2-3 lesions, respectively. The positive predictive value was 0% for cytologic atypia, 25 % for cytologic SIL, 1.75 % for cervicography and 2.05% for cervicoscopy. Detecting one CIN 2-3 lesion at cytology cost $ 5,543. The cost per each additional cytologically negative CIN 2-3 lesion detected at cervicography or cervicoscopy was $ 12,947 or $ 3,916, respectively. Conclusions The study confirms the limited sensitivity of cytology for CIN 2-3. The association of cervicography was not cost effective. Cervicoscopy was poorly specific but increased the detection rate of CIN 2-3 at relatively low costs. Cervicoscopy is worth further evaluation as a screening test.

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Role of Protein Biomarkers in the Detection of High-Grade Disease in Cervical Cancer Screening Programs

Journal of Oncology ◽

10.1155/2012/289315 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Charlotte A. Brown ◽

Johnannes Bogers ◽

Shaira Sahebali ◽

Christophe E. Depuydt ◽

Frans De Prins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

False Negative ◽

Pap Test ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Protein Biomarkers ◽

Ki 67 ◽

Screening Programs

Since the Pap test was introduced in the 1940s, there has been an approximately 70% reduction in the incidence of squamous cell cervical cancers in many developed countries by the application of organized and opportunistic screening programs. The efficacy of the Pap test, however, is hampered by high interobserver variability and high false-negative and false-positive rates. The use of biomarkers has demonstrated the ability to overcome these issues, leading to improved positive predictive value of cervical screening results. In addition, the introduction of HPV primary screening programs will necessitate the use of a follow-up test with high specificity to triage the high number of HPV-positive tests. This paper will focus on protein biomarkers currently available for use in cervical cancer screening, which appear to improve the detection of women at greatest risk for developing cervical cancer, including Ki-67,p16INK4a, BD ProEx C, and Cytoactiv HPV L1.

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