Modeling of Thin-layer Sun Drying of Slices of Meat in Kilishi Form

In the present work the drying characteristics and proximate analysis of turkey berry (Solanum torvum) were analyzed under open sun drying and greenhouse drying with two different glazing materials (UV Polyethylene sheet and Drip lock sheet) under passive and active modes. The drying rate under different modes of drying are 18.73g/h in drip lock greenhouse active mode,12.50 g/h in UV polyethylene sheet greenhouse active mode,15.22 g/hin drip lock sheet greenhouse passive mode, 11.84 g/h in UV polyethylene sheet greenhouse passive mode and 10.65 g/h in open sun drying. Twelve mathematical models were chosen to determine the drying characteristics of Turkey berry. From the statistical analysis it is found that Modified Henderson and Pabis model is the best drying model describing thin layer drying characteristics of turkey berry in both open sun drying and green house drying. The goodness of the fit achieved is based on the values of coefficient of determination(R2), sum square error(SSE), root mean square error(RMSE) and reduced chi square (?2).From the proximate analysis of dried turkey berry it is found that more amount of carbohydrate is retained in UV polyethylene greenhouse dryer under passive mode. In drip lock greenhouse dryer under passive mode the retention of vitamins such as protein, vitamin C and ash content showed a positive sign. In drip lock greenhouse dryer under active mode the retention of calcium, iron and dietary fibre is found to be high. Finally it is observed that more amounts of nutrients are retained in greenhouse drying than in open sun drying.

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Thin-Layer Mathematical Modeling of Turmeric in Indirect Natural Conventional Solar Dryer

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4045828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Masnaji R. Nukulwar ◽

Vinod B. Tungikar

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Air Velocity ◽

Drying Time ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Solar Dryer ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Drying Efficiency ◽

Kinetics Of

Abstract The objective of this study is to find an optimized thin-layer mathematical model suitable for drying kinetics of turmeric. Turmeric has a high moisture content which necessitates effective drying. A 10 kg, sample batch, of turmeric was dried in a solar dryer. Drying air temperatures and air velocity were observed in the range of 55 °C–68 °C and 0.7 m/s–1.4 m/s, respectively, in the drying experiments. It is seen that the moisture content of the turmeric is reduced from 77% to 11.93% in 22 h when compared with open sun drying, which required 60 h for the same reduction in the moisture content. Scheffler dish was used to generate steam for the dryer. Seven thin-layer mathematical models, cited in the literature, had been used for the study. These models were applied for different trays placed in the dryer. The result of the research and experimentation showed that the Page model fits best for drying in the steam-based dryer and open sun drying. Experimental results showed 63.33% saving in drying time, and the drying efficiency was found as 29.85%. Uncertainty in the drying efficiency was observed as 0.67%. Experimental investigation and the findings from the mathematical modeling are presented in this paper.

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Evaluation of Novel Portable Passive and Cabinet Solar Dryers in Sun Drying of Mint Leaves under Indiana Weather Conditions

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.14208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 1083-1094

Author(s):

Diana M. Ramirez-Gutierrez ◽

Klein E. Ileleji ◽

Amanda J. Deering

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Color Change ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Solar Drying ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Page Model

HighlightsThe Page model best predicted the drying rates of mint leaves in thin-layer laboratory experiments under cyclical temperature change and in field experiments using open-air sun drying and Dehytray and Dehymeleon solar dryers.The total time for drying mint leaves with all solar drying methods was the same (48 h).For all drying methods, the aerobic bacterial count was significantly less on dried mint leaves than on fresh leaves.Color change was less impacted by sunlight with the Dehymeleon than with the Dehytray and open-air sun drying.Abstract. The drying kinetics and quality attributes of mint leaves (Mentha spitaca) were studied to determine the drying performance of two solar drying technologies (Dehymeleon V.2 and Dehytray) and their effect on dried mint quality. Field drying experiments were carried out under weather conditions at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Thin-layer laboratory drying experiments were conducted for whole mint leaves at three temperatures [24°C (75°F), 35°C (95°F), and 54°C (130°F)] and airflow velocity of 1 m s-1 to determine the drying kinetics for the diurnal cycles typical for solar drying. The Page model was the most suitable model to predict the drying behavior of mint leaves for both the lab and field experiments. Even though the drying rate was higher with open-air sun drying on uncovered Dehytrays than with covered Dehytrays and the Dehymeleon, the total drying time for all methods was the same (48 h). Color change in mint leaves was less impacted by sunlight for mint leaves dried using the Dehymeleon, while the Dehytray and open-air sun drying had similar results due to their exposure to direct sunlight. For all drying methods, the aerobic bacterial count was significantly less for dried mint leaves than for fresh mint leaves. The log reductions in aerobic bacterial count achieved with open-air sun drying, Dehymeleon, and Dehytray were 0.47, 2.3, and 0.40, respectively. Keywords: Diffusion, Drying kinetics, Food quality, Mint leaves, Solar drying, Sun drying, Thin-layer drying.

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Thin-Layer Drying Characteristics of Fresh and Sun-Dried Buckwheat Hay

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.14609 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 713-724

Author(s):

Fuji Jian ◽

Mehul Patil ◽

Digvir S. Jayas ◽

Jitendra Paliwal

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Growth Time ◽

List Type ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Drying Time ◽

Drying Characteristics ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Thin Layer Drying

Highlights Thin-layer drying of fresh and sun-dried buckwheat hay was studied at 30°C to 180°C and 12.5% to 60% relative humidities. Buckwheat hay drying occurred in the falling-rate period. Partial sun-drying of the hay could reduce drying time by 50%. The D eff values of fresh flowers, leaves, and stems ranged from 1.4×10 -10 to 60×10 -10 m 2 /s. Abstract. Thin-layer drying characteristics of fresh and sun-dried buckwheat hay were studied at 30°C to 180°C, 12.5 to 60% relative humidities, and 0.2 m/s constant air velocity. The hay was harvested on three different times with a 10 to 12 d interval between the harvesting times. Half of the harvested hay was sun-dried on the field for 4 d (referred to as sun-dried hay). The drying behavior of flowers, leaves, and stems of the fresh and sun-dried hay was characterized. Moisture content of the fresh buckwheat flower was 0.777 to 1.633 (decimal dry basis), and fresh stems had a maximum moisture content of 5.64. Moisture content of the fresh hay decreased with the increase of growth time. Sun-drying on field could decrease more than half of the moisture content of the harvested fresh hay. Flowers, leaves, and stems needed varying drying times to reach their equilibrium moisture contents. The order of the drying time from the fastest to the slowest was flowers, leaves, then stems. Sun-dried and later harvested hay needed less drying time. The logarithmic model was the best fit for all drying processes of the flowers, leaves, and stems at different harvesting times and drying conditions. The effective moisture diffusivity of both fresh and sun-dried hay ranged from 1.4×10-10 to 60× 10-10 m2/s depending on different experimental conditions. The activation energy of the hay was from 21.08 to 33.85 kJ/mol. A power equation was the best equation to describe the drying constant of hay with their drying temperature. Keywords: Activation energy, Combination drying, Hay drying, Thin-layer drying, Water diffusivity.

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Modelling of thin layer drying kinetics of some fruits under open-air sun drying process

Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.02.001 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 413-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 170

Author(s):

İnci Türk Toğrul ◽

Dursun Pehlivan

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Drying Process ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Thin Layer Drying ◽

Kinetics Of

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Drying Kinetics of Sliced Pineapples in a Solar Conduction Dryer

Energy and Environment Research ◽

10.5539/eer.v7n2p14 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luqman Ebow Ibn Daud ◽

Isaac Nyambe Simate

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Average Moisture Content ◽

Drying Time ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Thin Layer Drying ◽

Drying Models ◽

Drying Model ◽

Thin Layer Drying Models ◽

Drying Curves ◽

Kinetics Of

As a means of adding value to pineapple production and minimising post-harvest losses, sliced pineapples were dried using a Solar Conduction Dryer (SCD) and appropriate thin layer drying models to predict drying were developed whilst the performance of the SCD was also investigated. For the period of the experiment, ambient temperature and temperature in the dryer ranged from 24 to 37 °C and 25 to 46 ℃ respectively. The performance of the dryer was compared to open sun drying using pineapple slices of 3-5 mm in thickness where the slices were reduced from an average moisture content of 85.42 % (w.b.) to 12.23 % (w.b.) by the SCD and to 51.51 % (w.b.) by the open sun drying in 8 hours effective drying time. Pineapple slices of thicknesses 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm and 10 mm were simultaneously dried in the four drying chambers of the SCD and their drying curves simulated with twelve thin layer drying models. The Middilli model was found as the best fitted thin layer drying model for sliced pineapples. The optimum fraction of drying tray area that should be loaded with pineapples was also investigated by simultaneously loading 7 mm slices of pineapples at 50, 75, and 100 percent of drying tray area. Loading the slices at 50, 75 and 100 percent of drying tray area gave overall thermal efficiencies of 23, 32 and 44 percent, respectively, hence loading pineapple slices at 100 percent drying tray area was recommended as the best.

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THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS OF SESAME HULLS UNDER FORCED CONVECTION AND OPEN SUN DRYING

Journal of Food Process Engineering ◽

10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00119.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 324-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

MAJDI A. AL-MAHASNEH ◽

TAHA M. RABABAH ◽

MOHAMMAD A. AL-SHBOOL ◽

W. YANG

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Forced Convection ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Thin Layer Drying ◽

Kinetics Of

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Thin layer modelling of hybrid, solar and open sun drying of tomato slices

Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.31248/rjfsn2016.010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-27

Author(s):

J. B. Hussein ◽

◽

K. B. Filli ◽

M. O. Oke ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Sun Drying

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Applications of Photoelectron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100092499 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 506-507

Author(s):

William J. Baxter

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Edge Effects ◽

Electron Optics ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Crystalline Orientation ◽

Fluorescent Screen

In this form of electron microscopy, photoelectrons emitted from a metal by ultraviolet radiation are accelerated and imaged onto a fluorescent screen by conventional electron optics. image contrast is determined by spatial variations in the intensity of the photoemission. The dominant source of contrast is due to changes in the photoelectric work function, between surfaces of different crystalline orientation, or different chemical composition. Topographical variations produce a relatively weak contrast due to shadowing and edge effects.Since the photoelectrons originate from the surface layers (e.g. ∼5-10 nm for metals), photoelectron microscopy is surface sensitive. Thus to see the microstructure of a metal the thin layer (∼3 nm) of surface oxide must be removed, either by ion bombardment or by thermal decomposition in the vacuum of the microscope.

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