Biological action identification does not require early visual input for development

For the effective use of modern tools, the inherent visuo-motor transformation needs to be mastered. The successful adjustment to and learning of these transformations crucially depends on practice conditions, particularly on the type of visual feedback during practice. Here, a review about empirical research exploring the influence of continuous and terminal visual feedback during practice on the mastery of visuo-motor transformations is provided. Two studies investigating the impact of the type of visual feedback on either direction-dependent visuo-motor gains or the complex visuo-motor transformation of a virtual two-sided lever are presented in more detail. The findings of these studies indicate that the continuous availability of visual feedback supports performance when closed-loop control is possible, but impairs performance when visual input is no longer available. Different approaches to explain these performance differences due to the type of visual feedback during practice are considered. For example, these differences could reflect a process of re-optimization of motor planning in a novel environment or represent effects of the specificity of practice. Furthermore, differences in the allocation of attention during movements with terminal and continuous visual feedback could account for the observed differences.

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The effects of visual input on EEG monitoring in a virtual environment

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e705372011-006 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Brenda K. Wiederhold ◽

Jon Bosman ◽

Laverne Estanol ◽

Mark D. Wiederhold

Keyword(s):

Virtual Environment ◽

Visual Input ◽

Eeg Monitoring

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Fungicidal and Bactericidal Activity of the Alkyl-Substituted Guanidine-Containing Oligomers

Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal ◽

10.15407/microbiolj82.06.054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 54-63

Author(s):

M.Ya. Vortman ◽

◽

Yu.B. Pysmenna ◽

A.I. Chuenko ◽

D.R. Abdulina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Rhodococcus Erythropolis ◽

Biological Action ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Alkyl Bromides ◽

Base Form ◽

Two Stages

Biocides are widely used in medicine and various industries to protect against a number of harmful microorganisms. Organic quaternary ammonium and guanidine-containing compounds, the biological action of which is based on membrane-toxic properties, are used as bactericidal preparations. The aim of this work was to study the bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the synthesized oligomeric alkylsubstituted guanidinium bromides with different radicals -C3H7, -C7H15, -C10H21, against different isolates of heterotrophic bacteria and microscopic fungi. Methods. The synthesis of alkyl-substituted guanidiniumcontaining oligomers was performed in two stages. In the first stage, alkyl-substituted guanidine was obtained by the reaction of guanidine, previously converted by alkali from the salt form to the base form by the base and alkyl bromides (Alk=-C3H7 (propyl), -C7H15 (heptyl), -C10H21 (decyl)) in methanol at a temperature of 50°C and a molar ratio of 1:1. The second carried out the reaction between aromatic oligoepoxide DER-331 and alkyl-substituted guanidine in methanol at a temperature of 50°C for 2–3 hours and a molar ratio of 1:2. Bacteria were grown on meat-peptone agar for 48 hours at a temperature of 28±2°С. Test cultures of micromycetes were cultured on agar beer wort (6°B), incubated for 14 days in a thermostat at a temperature of 28±2°C. Antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized alkyl-substituted guanidinium-containing oligomers was determined by standard disco-diffusion method (method of disks on agar) and fungicidal activity was determined by the method of holes in agar. Results. Oligomeric alkylsubstituted guanidinium bromides with different radicals composed -C3H7, -C7H15, -C10H21- synthesized by the reaction of guanidine alkyl bromides with aromatic oligoepoxydes. It was found that alkyl-substituted guanidinium-containing oligomers at a concentration of 1–3% inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli 475, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 465, Klebsiella pneumonia 479, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes 109, Staphylococcus aureus 451, E. faecalis 422, Rhodococcus erythropolis 102, Bacillus subtilis 138 and most of the studied micromycetes – Aureobasidium pullulans F-41430, Paecilomyces variotii F-41432, Penicillium funiculosum F-41435, Penicillium ochrochloron F-41431, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis F-41434, Trichoderma viride F-41437, Candida albicans F-41441, Aspergillus flavus F-41442, Aspergillus niger F-41448, Penicillium sp. F-41447. Conclusions. Antimicrobial and fungicidal properties significantly depend on the length of the alkyl radical, with increasing of its length the diameter of the zone of bacterial and micromycetes growth retardation increases.10.15407/microbiolj82.06.054

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Pharmacognostical and pharmacological activity of Justicia gendarussa burm.f.: a comprehensive review

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 3384-3390

Author(s):

Ashish ◽

Anjali ◽

Dixit Praveen K ◽

Nagarajan K ◽

Sahoo Jagannath

Keyword(s):

Pharmacological Activity ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Biological Action ◽

Andaman Islands ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Different Parts

Justicia gendarussa Burm .f. (family Acanthaceae) which is also known as willow-leaves and commonly known as Nili-Nirgundi, it is very commonly found nearby to China and its availability is very common in larger parts of India and Andaman islands. Traditionally it is used to treat various sorts of disorders such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiproliferative, anti-arthritic etc. Justicia gendarussa is one of the crucial herbs which has been used in the Ayurveda. Majorly leaves parts of the plant shows the pharmacological activity but the root of the plant Justicia gendarussa is also have the important medicinal values. A large variety of pharmacologically active constituents i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, aminoacids, tannins, phenolics, coumarines and anthaquinones are also present in this plant and they makes the plant pharmacologically important. The activity of the plant is also dependent on the solvent which is used for the extraction the various vital chemical constituents. The different- different parts of the plants having the different medicinal values also differ in the chemical values. This review is not only focused on the essential phytochemical constituents which is available in the plant but it also explains their necessary medicinal value to shows the essential biological action and phytopharmacological actions of various parts of the plant.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Hippocampal place cells are not controlled by visual input during the small irregular activity state in the rat.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1019289.222465 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James Knierim

Keyword(s):

Place Cells ◽

Visual Input ◽

Activity State

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Human Identification and Recognition of Emotional State from Visual Input

10.21236/ada448621 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

D. Metaxas

Keyword(s):

Emotional State ◽

Human Identification ◽

Visual Input

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Turning Fear of Boron Toxicity into Boron-containing Drug Design

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867326666190327154954 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (26) ◽

pp. 5005-5018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa ◽

Eunice D. Farfán-García ◽

Simonetta Geninatti-Crich

Keyword(s):

Drug Design ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Biological Action ◽

Research Literature ◽

Bibliographic Databases ◽

Boron Toxicity ◽

Withdrawal Period ◽

Analysis Methodology ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Toxicological Data

Background: Despite the historical employment of boron-containing compounds (BCCs) with medicinal purposes, the reported cases of BCC toxicity in humans during the twentieth-century drived us towards a “boron-withdrawal” period. Fortunately, the use of boric acid for specific purposes remains, and the discovery of natural BCCs with biological action attractive for therapeutic purposes as well as the introduction of some new BCCs for clinical use has reactivated the interest in studying the properties of these BCCs. Methods: We carried out a structured search of bibliographic databases for scientific peerreviewed research literature regarding boron toxicity and linked that information to that of BCCs in drug design and development. A deductive qualitative content analysis methodology was applied to analyse the interventions and findings of the included studies using a theoretical outline. Results: This review recapitulates the following on a timeline: the boron uses in medicine, the data known about the toxicological profiles of some BCCs, the pharmacological properties of some BCCs that are employed in cancer and infectious disease therapies, and the known properties of BCCs recently introduced into clinical assays as well as the identification of their structure-activity relationships for toxicity and therapeutic use. Then, we discuss the use of new approaches taking advantage of some toxicological data to identify potent and efficient BCCs for prevention and therapy while limiting their toxic effects. Conclusion: Data for boron toxicity can be strategically used for boron-containing drug design.

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Electromyographic Assessment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk in Male Tennis Players: Which Role for Visual Input? A Proof-of-Concept Study

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11060997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 997

Author(s):

Alessandro de Sire ◽

Nicola Marotta ◽

Andrea Demeco ◽

Lucrezia Moggio ◽

Pasquale Paola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Acl Injury ◽

Visual Input ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Concept Study ◽

Acl Injury Risk ◽

Anterior Cruciate

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury incidence is often underestimated in tennis players, who are considered as subjects conventionally less prone to knee injuries. However, evaluation of the preactivation of knee stabilizer muscles by surface electromyography (sEMG) showed to be a predictive value in the assessment of the risk of ACL injury. Therefore, this proof-of-concept study aimed at evaluating the role of visual input on the thigh muscle preactivation through sEMG to reduce ACL injury risk in tennis players. We recruited male, adult, semiprofessional tennis players from July to August 2020. They were asked to drop with the dominant lower limb from a step, to evaluate—based on dynamic valgus stress—the preactivation time of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and medial hamstrings (MH), through sEMG. To highlight the influence of visual inputs, the athletes performed the test blindfolded and not blindfolded on both clay and grass surfaces. We included 20 semiprofessional male players, with a mean age 20.3 ± 4.8 years; results showed significant early muscle activation when the subject lacked visual input, but also when faced with a less-safe surface such as clay over grass. Considering the posteromedial–anterolateral relationship (MH/RF ratio), tennis players showed a significant higher MH/RF ratio if blindfolded (22.0 vs. 17.0% not blindfolded; p < 0.01) and percentage of falling on clay (17.0% vs. 14.0% in grass; p < 0.01). This proof-of-principle study suggests that in case of absence of visual input or falling on a surface considered unsafe (clay), neuro-activation would tend to protect the anterior stress of the knee. Thus, the sEMG might play a crucial role in planning adequate athletic preparation for semiprofessional male athletes in terms of reduction of ACL injury risk.

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