scholarly journals The Effect of Irrigation on Regional Temperatures: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Trends in California, 1934–2002

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2063-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Lobell ◽  
Céline Bonfils
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Abstract The response of air temperatures to widespread irrigation may represent an important component of past and/or future regional climate changes. The quantitative impact of irrigation on daily minimum and maximum temperatures (Tmin and Tmax) in California was estimated using historical time series of county irrigated areas from agricultural censuses and daily climate observations from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network. Regression analysis of temperature and irrigation changes for stations within irrigated areas revealed a highly significant (p < 0.01) effect of irrigation on June–August average Tmax, with no significant effects on Tmin (p > 0.3). The mean estimate for Tmax was a substantial 5.0°C cooling for 100% irrigation cover, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.0°–7.9°C. As a result of small changes in Tmin compared to Tmax, the diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased significantly in both spring and summer months. Effects on percentiles of Tmax within summer months were not statistically distinguishable, suggesting that irrigation’s impact is similar on warm and cool days in California. Finally, average trends for stations within irrigated areas were compared to those from nonirrigated stations to evaluate the robustness of conclusions from previous studies based on pairwise comparisons of irrigated and nonirrigated sites. Stronger negative Tmax trends in irrigated sites were consistent with the inferred effects of irrigation on Tmax. However, Tmin trends were significantly more positive for nonirrigated sites despite the apparent lack of effects of irrigation on Tmin from the analysis within irrigated sites. Together with evidence of increases in urban areas near nonirrigated sites, this finding indicates an important effect of urbanization on Tmin in California that had previously been attributed to irrigation. The results therefore demonstrate that simple pairwise comparisons between stations in a complex region such as California can lead to misinterpretation of historical climate trends and the effects of land use changes.

scholarly journals A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Land Use Changes in Two Mountain Valleys: with and without Dam Reservoir (Polish Carpathians)

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wiejaczka ◽  
Jan Romuald Olędzki ◽  
Anna Bucała-Hrabia ◽  
Małgorzata Kijowska-Strugała
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
River Valleys

Abstract This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes in land use taking place in two adjacent river valleys, located within the Polish Carpathians. The land use in 1977 and 2009 was presented for selected areas. In one of the valleys, a dam has been operating since 1994 along with a retention reservoir, which is an additional factor influencing the direction and scale of the land use changes. An analysis using GIS techniques showed that the general directions of transformation in both valleys in the land use structure are similar but with different intensity. In studied valleys a decrease of area with agricultural land and gradual increase in the forested area have been observed. In the valley with the reservoir few more changes were noticed. The decrease of the forested area by 5.5% and farmland by 8.2% on the areas submerged by reservoir was observed. The strip fields pattern has been changed into more dispersed. The road network development was also observed, as well as the change of nature of residential/agricultural buildings into residential/recreational.

O tym, co minęło, lecz nie zostało zapomniane: Badania archeologiczne na terenie byłego obozu zagłady w Treblince

2012 ◽  
pp. 83-118
Author(s):  
Caroline Sturdy Colls
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Answering Questions

Public impression of the Holocaust is unquestionably centred on knowledge about, and the image of, Auschwitz-Birkenau – the gas chambers, the crematoria, the systematic and industrialized killing of victims. Conversely, knowledge of the former extermination camp at Treblinka, which stands in stark contrast in terms of the visible evidence that survives pertaining to it, is less embedded in general public consciousness. As this paper argues, the contrasting level of knowledge about Auschwitz- Birkenau and Treblinka is centred upon the belief that physical evidence of the camps only survives when it is visible and above-ground. The perception of Treblinka as having been “destroyed” by the Nazis, and the belief that the bodies of all of the victims were cremated without trace, has resulted in a lack of investigation aimed at answering questions about the extent and nature of the camp, and the locations of mass graves and cremation pits. This paper discusses the evidence that demonstrates that traces of the camp do survive. It outlines how archival research and non-invasive archaeological survey has been used to re-evaluate the physical evidence pertaining to Treblinka in a way that respects Jewish Halacha Law. As well as facilitating spatial and temporal analysis of the former extermination camp, this survey has also revealed information about the cultural memory.

DRAINAGE BASIN AS A COMPLEX SOCIO-NATURAL HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303
Author(s):  
VALERIY BONDAREV
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Large River ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
Entire Complex

The theoretical and methodological basis of the systems hierarchical spatial and temporal analysis of a drainage basin, which addresses the problems of effective management in socio-natural systems of different ranks, is considered. It is proposed to distinguish 9 orders of forms that are relevant to the analysis of drainage basins, where the first level is represented by individual aggregates and particles, and the last - by basins of large and the largest rivers. As part of the allocation of geological, historical and modern time intervals, the specificity of the implementation of processes in basins of different scales from changing states, through functioning to evolution is demonstrated. The interrelation of conditions and factors that determine the processes occurring within the drainage basins is revealed. It is shown that a specific combination of conditions and factors that determine processes in the drainage basin is associated with the hierarchy of the objects under consideration, i.e. the choice of a spatial-temporal hierarchical level is crucial for the organization of study within drainage basins. At one hierarchical level, some phenomenon can be considered as a factor, and at another - as a condition. For example, tectonic processes can be considered as an active factor in the evolution of large river basins in the geological perspective, but for small drainage basin, this is already a conservative background condition. It is shown that at the historical time the anthropogenic factor often comes to the fore, with the appearance of which in the functioning of the drainage basin, there is a need to take into account the entire complex of socio-environmental problems that can affect the sustainable state of various territories, especially in the field of water and land use. Hierarchical levels of managing subjects are identified, which are primarily responsible for effective management at the appropriate hierarchical level of the organization of the socio-natural system within the catchment area, starting from an individual to humankind as a whole.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS SEISMICITY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Babb ◽  
◽  
Harmon Maher ◽  
Ryan Korth
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis

Migrations and Macro-Regions in Times of Crises

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Dirk Hoerder
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
North China ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Migration Systems ◽  
Actual Relationship

This essay analyzes the actual relationship between natural and manmade crises in longue-durée perspective and questions labels attached by master narrators. It challenges the standard view by differentiating sociologically between groups benefiting or suffering from migration. At the beginning, scales of spatial and temporal analysis are discussed as well as types of migration in relation to their potential impact. Next the elimination of mobility and crises in historiography and political theory regarding Greek and Roman societies are discussed. The following section approaches three distinct mass migrations in terms of push factors perceived, often justly so, as crises: the misnamed “peoples” migrations, migration after the “fall” of the Roman Empire, and settlement of the Yangtze Valley. Then forced labor mass migrations (slaveries) and the migrations in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and North China migration systems, self-decided under extreme economic and societal constraints, are analyzed. In conclusion present-day discourses are placed in context.

Spatial and temporal analysis of mean and frequency variations of dry spells in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Mahmoudi ◽  
Seyed Mahdi Amir Jahanshahi ◽  
Nima Daneshmand ◽  
Jabbar Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Analysis ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Frequency Variations
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