The Stratiform and Convective Components of Surface Precipitation

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1513-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Model ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Exponential Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Stratiform Precipitation ◽  
Partition Surface ◽  
One Year ◽  
Precipitation Records ◽  
Rain Gauge Network

Abstract One year of precipitation records taken from a subset of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) global rain gauge network has been analyzed. This analysis has shown that the distribution of accumulation of precipitation with the rainfall rate is characterized by an exponential law. This relationship seems to be universal and is present regardless of the averaging interval considered. The data structure suggests that this exponential distribution can be used as a basic state to partition surface precipitation into stratiform and convective components. The physical basis of this approach is investigated and discussed using Monte Carlo simulations based on a simple cloud model. The methodology is validated using a Fourier analysis in time, and average global monthly maps of convective and stratiform precipitation are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the technique.

scholarly journals Climatology of daily rainfall semi-variance in The Netherlands

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. van de Beek ◽  
H. Leijnse ◽  
P. J. J. F. Torfs ◽  
R. Uijlenhoet
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Remote Sensing Systems ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rain Gauge Network ◽  
Cosine Functions ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Rain gauges can offer high quality rainfall measurements at their locations. Networks of rain gauges can offer better insight into the space-time variability of rainfall, but they tend to be too widely spaced for accurate estimates between points. While remote sensing systems, such as radars and networks of microwave links, can offer good insight in the spatial variability of rainfall they tend to have more problems in identifying the correct rain amounts at the ground. A way to estimate the variability of rainfall between gauge points is to interpolate between them using fitted variograms. If a dense rain gauge network is lacking it is difficult to estimate variograms accurately. In this paper a 30-year dataset of daily rain accumulations gathered at 29 automatic weather stations operated by KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) and a one-year dataset of 10 gauges in a network with a radius of 5 km around CESAR (Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research) are employed to estimate variograms. Fitted variogram parameters are shown to vary according to season, following simple cosine functions. Semi-variances at short ranges during winter and spring tend to be underestimated, but semi-variances during summer and autumn are well predicted.

scholarly journals RAINBOW: An Operational Oriented Combined IR-Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2444
Author(s):  
Leo Pio D’Adderio ◽  
Silvia Puca ◽  
Gianfranco Vulpiani ◽  
Marco Petracca ◽  
Paolo Sanò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Precipitation Rate ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Radar Network ◽  
Infrared Imager ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Rain Gauge Network

In this paper, precipitation estimates derived from the Italian ground radar network (IT GR) are used in conjunction with Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) measurements to develop an operational oriented algorithm (RAdar INfrared Blending algorithm for Operational Weather monitoring (RAINBOW)) able to provide precipitation pattern and intensity. The algorithm evaluates surface precipitation over five geographical boxes (in which the study area is divided). It is composed of two main modules that exploit a second-degree polynomial relationship between the SEVIRI brightness temperature at 10.8 µm TB10.8 and the precipitation rate estimates from IT GR. These relationships are applied to each acquisition of SEVIRI in order to provide a surface precipitation map. The results, based on a number of case studies, show good performance of RAINBOW when it is compared with ground reference (precipitation rate map from interpolated rain gauge measurements), with high Probability of Detection (POD) and low False Alarm Ratio (FAR) values, especially for light to moderate precipitation range. At the same time, the mean error (ME) values are about 0 mmh−1, while root mean square error (RMSE) is about 2 mmh−1, highlighting a limited variability of the RAINBOW estimations. The precipitation retrievals from RAINBOW have been also compared with the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H SAF) official microwave (MW)/infrared (IR) combined product (P-IN-SEVIRI). RAINBOW shows better performances than P-IN-SEVIRI, in terms of both detection and estimates of precipitation fields when they are compared to the ground reference. RAINBOW has been designed as an operational product, to provide complementary information to that of the national radar network where the IT GR coverage is absent, or the quality (expressed in terms of Quality Index (QI)) of the RAINBOW estimates is low. The aim of RAINBOW is to complement the radar and rain gauge network supporting the operational precipitation monitoring.

scholarly journals Climatology of daily rainfall semivariance in The Netherlands

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 2085-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. van de Beek ◽  
H. Leijnse ◽  
P. J. J. F. Torfs ◽  
R. Uijlenhoet
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Remote Sensing Systems ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rain Gauge Network ◽  
Cosine Functions ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Rain gauges can offer high quality rainfall measurements at their location. Networks of rain gauges can offer better insight into the space-time variability of rainfall, but they tend to be too widely spaced for accurate estimates between points. While remote sensing systems, such as radars and networks of microwave links, can offer good insight in the spatial variability of rainfall they tend to have more problems in identifying the correct rain amounts at the ground. A way to estimate the variability of rainfall between gauge points is to interpolate between them using fitted variograms. If a dense rain gauge network is lacking it is difficult to estimate accurate variograms. In this paper a 30-year dataset of daily rain accumulations gathered at 29 automatic weather stations operated by KNMI and a one-year dataset of 10 gauges in a network with a radius of 5 km around CESAR (Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research) are employed to estimate variograms. Fitted variogram parameters are shown to vary according to season, closely following simple cosine functions allowing for applications in catchment hydrology and rainfall field generation. Semivariances at short ranges during winter and spring tend to be underestimated, but summer and autumn are well predicted. This climatological semivariance can be employed to estimate the accuracy of the rainfall input to a hydrological model even with only few gauges in a given catchment area.

E-Government Public Cloud Model (EGPCM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Nada M. Al-Hakkak ◽  
Ban Salman Shukur ◽  
Atheel Sabih Shaker
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Public Cloud ◽  
New Model ◽  
The World

   The concept of implementing e-government systems is growing widely all around the world and becoming an interest to all governments. However, governments are still seeking for effective ways to implement e-government systems properly and successfully. As services of e-government increased and citizens’ demands expand, the e-government systems become more costly to satisfy the growing needs. The cloud computing is a technique that has been discussed lately as a solution to overcome some problems that an e-government implementation or expansion is going through. This paper is a proposal of a  new model for e-government on basis of cloud computing. E-Government Public Cloud Model EGPCM, for e-government is related to public cloud computing.

Clinton Commits U.S. Troops To Follow-On Force In Bosnia: Peace Implementation Council Meets in London

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year

One year ago in Dayton, the leaders of Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia turned from the horror of war to the promise of peace. Their historic decision came after nearly four years of horrible bloodshed, the bloodiest conflict Europe has seen since World War II; after a quarter million deaths, after 2 million people were made refugees, after countless atrocities that shocked the conscience of the world.

Histopathological spectrum of oral cavity lesions – A tertiary care experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368
Author(s):  
Ishani Gupta ◽  
Rekha Rani ◽  
Jyotsna Suri
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year

Oral cancer is one of a major health problem in some parts of the world especially in the developing countries. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world whereas in India it is one of the most prevalent cancer. Oral cavity lesions are usually asymptomatic. Accurate diagnosis of the lesion is the first step for the proper management of patients and histopathology is considered as the gold standard. The objective is to study the different patterns of oral cavity lesions seen in a tertiary care hospital of Jammu: One year retrospective study. Post graduate department of pathology.: It was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care centre for a period of one year from March 2020 to Feb 2021. 148 cases of oral cavity lesions were included in this study. The parameters that were included in the study were sociodemographic data, site of the lesion, clinical features and histological diagnosis. Data collected was analysed.148 cases of oral lesions were identified during the period of study. The age of patients varied from 5 to 78years and Male to Female ratio was 2.2:1. Buccal mucosa (30%) was the most common site involved which was followed by tonsil (19%). Out of 148 cases 70 cases were malignant, 10 cases pre malignant and 21 cases were benign. Squamous cell carcinoma (33.7%) was the most common lesion present in our study. Oral cavity lesions have a vast spectrum of diseases which range from tumour like lesions to benign and malignant tumours. Our study concluded that squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion of oral cavity. Histological typing of the lesion is important for confirmation of malignancy and it is essential for the proper management of the patient.

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