scholarly journals Northern Hemisphere Climatology and Trends of Statistical Moments Documented from GHCN-Daily Surface Air Temperature Station Data from 1950 to 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (14) ◽  
pp. 5396-5410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Cavanaugh ◽  
Samuel S. P. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Statistical Moments ◽  
Station Data ◽  
Skewness And Kurtosis

Abstract The first four statistical moments and their trends are calculated for the average daily surface air temperature (SAT) from 1950 to 2010 using the Global Historical Climatology Network–Daily station data for each season relative to the 1961–90 climatology over the Northern Hemisphere. Temporal variation of daily SAT probability distributions are represented as generalized linear regression coefficients on the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis calculated for each 10-yr moving time window from 1950–59 to 2001–10. The climatology and trends of these statistical moments suggest that daily SAT probability distributions are non-Gaussian and are changing in time. The climatology of the first four statistical moments has distinct spatial patterns with large coherent structure for mean and standard deviation and relatively smaller and more regionalized patterns for skewness and kurtosis. The linear temporal trends from 1950 to 2010 of the first four moments also have coherent spatial patterns. The linear temporal trends in the characterizing statistical moments are statistically significant at most locations and have differing spatial patterns for different moments. The regionalized variations specific to higher moments may be related to the climate dynamics that contribute to extremes. The nonzero skewness and kurtosis makes this detailed documentation on the higher statistical moments useful for quantifying climate changes and assessing climate model uncertainties.

scholarly journals The Effects of Gridding Algorithms on the Statistical Moments and Their Trends of Daily Surface Air Temperature*

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (23) ◽  
pp. 9188-9205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Cavanaugh ◽  
Samuel S. P. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Statistical Moments ◽  
Weighted Sums ◽  
Higher Order Moments ◽  
Station Data

Abstract This paper explores the effects from averaging weather station data onto a grid on the first four statistical moments of daily minimum and maximum surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over the entire globe. The Global Historical Climatology Network–Daily (GHCND) and the Met Office Hadley Centre GHCND (HadGHCND) datasets from 1950 to 2010 are examined. The GHCND station data exhibit large spatial patterns for each moment and statistically significant moment trends from 1950 to 2010, indicating that SAT probability density functions are non-Gaussian and have undergone characteristic changes in shape due to decadal variability and/or climate change. Comparisons with station data show that gridded averages always underestimate observed variability, particularly in the extremes, and have altered moment trends that are in some cases opposite in sign over large geographic areas. A statistical closure approach based on the quasi-normal approximation is taken to explore SAT’s higher-order moments and point correlation structure. This study focuses specifically on relating variability calculated from station data to that from gridded data through the moment equations for weighted sums of random variables. The higher-order and nonlinear spatial correlations up to the fourth order demonstrate that higher-order moments at grid scale can be determined approximately by functions of station pair correlations that tend to follow the usual Kolmogorov scaling relation. These results can aid in the development of constraints to reduce uncertainties in climate models and have implications for studies of atmospheric variability, extremes, and climate change using gridded observations.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPECTRA OF THE 2000-YEAR NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AVERAGE SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
N. M. DATSENKO ◽  
◽  
D. M. SONECHKIN ◽  
B. YANG ◽  
J.-J. LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Continuous Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Stable Estimation

The spectral composition of temporal variations in the Northern Hemisphere mean surface air temperature is estimated and compared in 2000-year paleoclimatic reconstructions. Continuous wavelet transforms of these reconstructions are used for the stable estimation of energy spectra. It is found that low-frequency parts of the spectra (the periods of temperature variations of more than 100 years) based on such high-resolution paleoclimatic indicators as tree rings, corals, etc., are similar to the spectrum of white noise, that is never observed in nature. This seems unrealistic. The famous reconstruction called “Hockey Stick” is among such unrealistic reconstructions. Reconstructions based not only on high-resolution but also on low-resolution indicators seem to be more realistic, since the low-frequency parts of their spectra have the pattern of red noise. They include the “Boomerang” reconstruction showing that some warm periods close to the present-day one were observed in the past.

Spatial patterns of multi–centennial surface air temperature trends in Antarctica over 1–1000 CE: Insights from ice core records and modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 107205
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Lyu ◽  
Hugues Goosse ◽  
Quentin Dalaiden ◽  
François Klein ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Ice Core Records

scholarly journals Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Variations: 1851–1984

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Jones ◽  
S. C. B. Raper ◽  
R. S. Bradley ◽  
H. F. Diaz ◽  
P. M. Kellyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Hemisphere Surface ◽  
Air Temperature Variations

scholarly journals Northern Hemisphere patterns of phase coherence between solar/geomagnetic activity and NCEP/NCAR and ERA40 near-surface air temperature in period 7–8 years oscillatory modes

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paluš ◽  
D. Novotná
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Geomagnetic Activity ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Phase Coherence ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Nao Index ◽  
Aa Index

Abstract. Beginning from the 1950's, Paluš and Novotná (2009) observed statistically significant phase coherence among oscillatory modes with the period of approximately 7–8 years detected in monthly time series of sunspot numbers, geomagnetic activity aa index, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and near-surface air temperature from several mid-latitude European stations. Focusing on geographical distribution of the phenomenon we study Northern Hemisphere patterns of phase coherence between solar/geomagnetic activity and NCEP/NCAR and ERA40 near-surface air temperature. Both the reanalysis datasets provide consistent patterns of areas with marked phase coupling between solar/geomagnetic activity and climate variability observed in continuous monthly data, independent of the season, however, confined to the temporal scale related to the oscillatory periods about 7–8 years.

scholarly journals An inkling of the relation between the monofractality of temperatures and pressure anomalies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1339-1353
Author(s):  
A. Deliège ◽  
S. Nicolay
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Discrete Wavelet Transform ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
Hölder Exponents ◽  
Weather Stations

Abstract. We use the discrete "wavelet transform microscope" to study the monofractal nature of surface air temperature signals of weather stations spread across Europe. This method reveals that the information obtained in this way is richer than previous works studying long range correlations in meteorological stations: the approach presented here allows to bind the Hölder exponents with the standard deviation of surface pressure anomalies, while such a link does not appear with methods previously carried out.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of enhanced BrO and its relation to meteorological parameters in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 12285-12312
Author(s):  
Sora Seo ◽  
Andreas Richter ◽  
Anne-Marlene Blechschmidt ◽  
Ilias Bougoudis ◽  
John Philip Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice

Abstract. Satellite observations have shown large areas of elevated bromine monoxide (BrO) covering several thousand square kilometres over the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice regions in polar spring. These enhancements of total BrO columns result from increases in stratospheric or tropospheric bromine amounts or both, and their occurrence may be related to local meteorological conditions. In this study, the spatial distribution of the occurrence of total BrO column enhancements and the associated changes in meteorological parameters are investigated in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions using 10 years of Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) measurements and meteorological model data. Statistical analysis of the data presents clear differences in the meteorological conditions between the 10-year mean and episodes of enhanced total BrO columns in both polar sea ice regions. These differences show pronounced spatial patterns. In general, atmospheric low pressure, cold surface air temperature, high surface-level wind speed, and low tropopause heights were found during periods of enhanced total BrO columns. In addition, spatial patterns of prevailing wind directions related to the BrO enhancements are identified in both the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice regions. The relevance of the different meteorological parameters on the total BrO column is evaluated based on a Spearman rank correlation analysis, finding that tropopause height and surface air temperature have the largest correlations with the total BrO vertical column density. Our results demonstrate that specific meteorological parameters can have a major impact on the BrO enhancement in some areas, but in general, multiple meteorological parameters interact with each other in their influence on BrO columns.

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