scholarly journals Flow over Heated Terrain. Part I: Linear Theory and Idealized Numerical Simulations

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (9) ◽  
pp. 2552-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Andrew Crook ◽  
Donna F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Heating ◽  
Flow Past ◽  
Orographic Forcing ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The flow past heated topography is examined with both linear and nonlinear models. It is first shown that the forcing of an obstacle with horizontally homogenous surface heating can be approximated by the forcing of an obstacle with surface heating isolated over the obstacle. The small-amplitude flow past an obstacle with isolated heating is then examined with a linear model. Under the linear approximation, the flow response to heated topography is simply the addition of the separate responses to thermal and orographic forcing. These separate responses are first considered individually and then the combined response is examined. Nondimensional parameters are developed that measure the relative importance of thermal and orographic forcing. Nonaxisymmetric forcing is then considered by examining the flow along and across a heated elliptically shaped obstacle. It is shown that the low-level lifting is maximized when the flow is along the major axis of the obstacle. The linear solutions are then tested in a nonlinear anelastic model. The response to a heat source and orography are first examined separately. Good agreement is found between nonlinear and linear models for the individual responses to thermal and orographic forcing. The case of uniformly heated flow past an obstacle is then examined. In these simulations, the thermal response is isolated by subtracting the orographic-only response from the full thermal–orographic response. The numerical simulations are able to capture the main features of the thermal response. Finally, numerical simulations of the flow along and across an elliptically shaped heated obstacle are examined, where it is verified that the lifting is maximized when the flow is along the major axis of the obstacle. These results are extended in Part II of this study to examine the moist convective response to flow over both idealized terrain and the complex terrain of the Rocky Mountains of the United States.

Asymmetric Exchange Rate Effects on Cross-Border Freight Flows between the United States and Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-361
Author(s):  
Junwook Chi
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Asymmetric Effects ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Long Run

This paper investigates possible asymmetric influences of the exchange rate on cross-border freight flows between the U.S.A. and Canada. Linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are used to test for the existence of long-run asymmetric effects of 1) currency appreciation and depreciation and 2) exchange rate volatility changes on trade flows by truck, rail, air, vessel, and pipeline. This paper provides evidence that both currency value and exchange rate volatility affect the U.S.–Canada freight flows in an asymmetric manner. The long-run results of the nonlinear models show that exchange rate is found to be significantly associated with the bilateral trade flows between the U.S.A. and Canada. Exchange rate volatility tends to be significantly associated with trade flows in the nonlinear models, while its effects are insignificant in most cases in the linear models. These findings suggest that the conventional linear specification may mislead the asymmetric effects of exchange rate uncertainty on cross-border freight flows. It is also found that exchange rate sensitivities of U.S.–Canada trade flows by transport mode can differ significantly from those of aggregate trade flows. The information derived from disaggregate trade data can be useful for traders and shippers to develop a long-term strategic plan for infrastructure investment and service expansion.

MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION IN THE UNITED STATES

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
LANCE BACHMEIER ◽  
SITTISAK LEELAHANON ◽  
QI LI
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonparametric Model ◽  
Money Growth ◽  
Inflation Forecasts ◽  
Inflation Forecasting ◽  
Forecasting Inflation

Specification tests reject a linear inflation forecasting model over the period 1959–2002. Based on this finding, we evaluate the out-of-sample inflation forecasts of a fully nonparametric model for 1994–2002. Our two main results are that: (i) nonlinear models produce much better forecasts than linear models, and (ii) including money growth in the nonparametric model yields marginal improvements, but including velocity reduces the mean squared forecast error by as much as 40%. A threshold model fits the data well over the full sample, offering an interpretation of our findings. We conclude that it is important to account for both nonlinearity and the behavior of monetary aggregates when forecasting inflation.

The Science of Individuality and Healthcare Quality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Anastasius S. Moumtzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Complex Nonlinear Systems ◽  
The Individual

The application of linear models to human systems and healthcare management and quality has improved our understanding of their system structure and function. However, such models often fall short of explaining experimental results or predicting future abnormalities in complex nonlinear systems which help in dissecting and analyzing individual system components. Nonlinear models may better explain how the individual components collectively act and interact to produce a dynamic system in constant flux. They also assist in filling in some of the results that are not adequately explained by linear models. In this context, we should consider the integration of linear and non-linear theories in healthcare quality and management, drawing the initial conditions of chaotic behavior from the standardization of the linear theory, and distinguishing between desirable and undesirable variation relegating statistical process control only to issues of high certainty regarding the outcome.

Linear and non-linear models for national health expenditures in the USA

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (554) ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
Allan J. Kroopnick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
National Health ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Elementary Theory ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Usa

In this brief Article, using the elementary theory of differential equations as well as some basic economic theory, we will develop several estimates for national health expenditures for the United States: one using a linear model and three using non-linear models. We will derive the nonlinear models first and then compare them to the linear one in order to see if they differ significantly. While these estimates are for the United States, the methods used here, because they are robust, could be used for any country. Statistical information may be obtained from the World Bank databases which store health statistics by country [1].What we will do here is estimate the total health costs as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) if no further copayments are required. In other words, we are seeking to estimate the total cost of health care as a percentage of GDP when all health care costs are covered by insurance and government subsidy. Several models will be discussed here since such estimates may be made using a variety of assumptions. There is no ‘best’ model, although such a decision is possible when comparing the estimates to actual data.

Accounting for Observed Cycle Features with a Range of Statistical Models

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Harding ◽  
Adrian Pagan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Vector Autoregressions ◽  
Nonlinear Statistical Model

This chapter looks at observed features of the cycle in a variety of time series. It sets out these features for the United States and a number of other countries, and then asks whether these features can be replicated by the use of a particular statistical model—a linear autoregression. For such linear models it is possible to broadly account for the observed features using moments of the series for growth rates, and this strategy is employed in the chapter. It then uses a particular nonlinear statistical model to see if it can match all the features, and further looks at two other nonlinear models first dealt with in Chapter 4. The chapter concludes with an examination of whether the binary indicators summarizing the recurrent states can be used in the context of standard multivariate methods such as vector autoregressions. This turns out not to be straightforward owing to the nature of the binary variables.

Facets of the Evolving Healthcare Management Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 303-321
Author(s):  
Anastasius S. Moumtzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Complex Nonlinear Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

The pandemic represents an opportunity to reimagine future healthcare and rethink healthcare management unbound by preconceived notions based on the following three main drivers that emerged during the pandemic. These include transformed business models, new care delivery models disrupted by ubiquitous data and technology, intelligent spaces, and digitally-enabled hospitality. In this context, it is imperative to reexamine all facets of healthcare management, considering that applying linear models to healthcare management has improved our understanding of their system structure and function. However, such models often fall short of explaining experimental results or predicting future abnormalities in complex nonlinear systems. Nonlinear models may better explain how the individual components collectively act and interact to produce a dynamic system in constant flux. They also assist in filling in some of the results which linear models do not adequately explain. Finally, chaos theory might provide new insights into standard as well as abnormal behavior within systems.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

Hospice Care in the United States: The Process Begins

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Hospice Movement ◽  
Treatment Equipment ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
The Individual

The hospice concept represents a return to humanistic medicine, to care within the patient's community, for family-centered care, and the view of the patient as a person. Medical, governmental, and educational institutions have recognized the profound urgency for the advocacy of the hospice concept. As a result, a considerable change in policy and attitude has occurred. Society is re-examining its attitudes toward bodily deterioration, death, and decay. As the hospice movement grows, it does more than alter our treatment of the dying. Hospices and home care de-escalate the soaring costs of illness by reducing the individual and collective burdens borne by all health insurance policyholders. Because hospices and home care use no sophisticated, diagnostic treatment equipment, their overhead is basically for personal care and medication. Also, the patient is permitted to die with dignity. Studies indicated that the patient of a hospice program will not experience the anxiety, helplessness, inadequacy, and guilt as will an acute care facility patient. Consequently, a hospice program can relieve family members and loved ones of various psychological disorders.

scholarly journals Pro-Environmental Behavior in an Aging World: Evidence from 31 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Feng Hao ◽  
Yunxia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Individual

Population change and environmental degradation have become two of the most pressing issues for sustainable development in the contemporary world, while the effect of population aging on pro-environmental behavior remains controversial. In this paper, we examine the effects of individual and population aging on pro-environmental behavior through multilevel analyses of cross-national data from 31 countries. Hierarchical linear models with random intercepts are employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal a positive relationship between aging and pro-environmental behavior. At the individual level, older people are more likely to participate in environmental behavior (b = 0.052, p < 0.001), and at the national level, living in a country with a greater share of older persons encourages individuals to behave sustainably (b = 0.023, p < 0.01). We also found that the elderly are more environmentally active in an aging society. The findings imply that the longevity of human beings may offer opportunities for the improvement of the natural environment.

Medicaid Not Required to Fund Medically Necessary Abortions

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
George J. Annas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Constitution ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Law Enforcement Agency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Joint Resolution

In an extraordinary and highly controversial 5-4 decision, the United States Supreme Court decided on June 30, 1980, that the United States Constitution does not require either the federal government or the individual states to fund medically necessary abortions for poor women who qualify for Medicaid.At issue in this case is the constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment. The applicable 1980 version provides:|N]one of the funds provided by this joint resolution shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term; or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims of rape or incest when such rape or incest has been reported promptly to a law enforcement agency or public health service, (emphasis supplied)

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