Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneal Spaces, Part IV: Retroperitoneal Nerves

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Mirilas ◽  
John E. Skandalakis
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Piriformis Muscle ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Parasympathetic Innervation ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Inferior Gluteal Nerve ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

We present surgicoanatomical topographic relations of nerves and plexuses in the retroperitoneal space: 1) six named parietal nerves, branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral. 2) The sacral plexus is formed by the lumbosacral trunk, ventral rami of S1–S3, and part of S4; the remainder of S4 joining the coccygeal plexus. From this plexus originate the superior gluteal nerve, which passes backward through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle; the inferior gluteal nerve also courses through the greater sciatic foramen, but below the piriformis; 3) sympathetic trunks: right and left lumbar sympathetic trunks, which comprise four interconnected ganglia, and the pelvic chains; 4) greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves (sympathetic), which pass the diaphragm and join celiac ganglia; 5) four lumbar splanchnic nerves (sympathetic), which arise from lumbar sympathetic ganglia; 6) pelvic splanchnic nerves (nervi erigentes), providing parasympathetic innervation to the descending colon and pelvic splanchna; and 7) autonomic (prevertebral) plexuses, formed by the vagus nerves, splanchnic nerves, and ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal). They include sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory (mainly pain) fibers. The autonomic plexuses comprise named parts: aortic, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, superior hypogastric, and inferior hypogastric (hypogastric nerves).

Laterally extended parametrectomy (LEP), the technique for radical pelvic side wall dissection: Feasibility, technique and results

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
LÁSZLÓ PÁLFALVI ◽  
László Ungár
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Piriformis Muscle ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Lymph Node Positive

A new surgical method was introduced for the treatment of Ib lymph node positive and IIb cervical cancer patients. The lateral resection plane corresponds to the true pelvic side wall, the plane represented by the internal obturator muscle, the linea arcuata, and the piriformis muscle with the convergent branches of the sacral plexus. The LEP procedure overcomes the limitations of the standard class III-IV radical hysterectomy, which leaves in situ the gluteal superior, inferior and pudendal nodes, thus improving local control and survival.

Pancreatic bicarbonate response to HCl before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. G436-G443
Author(s):  
W. Niebel ◽  
C. Beglinger ◽  
M. V. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Truncal Vagotomy ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pancreatic Fistulas ◽  
Bicarbonate Output ◽  
Intravenous Atropine ◽  
Extrinsic Nerves

In two sets of dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas, we studied the effect of atropine on pancreatic bicarbonate output and release of secretin in response to intraduodenal HCl before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas, i.e., celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy alone or truncal vagotomy alone and truncal vagotomy plus celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy. Ganglionectomy alone did not alter the incremental bicarbonate response to HCl. Truncal vagotomy alone significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased the incremental bicarbonate response to low (1.5 and 3 mmol/h) but not high (6 to 24 mmol/h) loads of HCl. Additional ganglionectomy restored the bicarbonate response to prevagotomy levels. With the extrinsic nerves intact and after ganglionectomy, but not after truncal vagotomy and truncal vagotomy plus ganglionectomy, intravenous atropine (14 nmol.kg-1.h-1) significantly reduced the incremental bicarbonate response to low (1.5 and 3 mmol/h) but not high loads of HCl. Neither the different surgical procedures nor atropine significantly altered plasma levels of secretin basally and in response to intestinal HCl. We conclude that 1) cholinergic fibers within the vagus nerves but not the splanchnic nerves are important mediators of the pancreatic bicarbonate response to low loads of HCl and 2) release of secretin by intestinal HCl is not under cholinergic and splanchnic control.

Motility studies of isolated antral pouches before and after vagus denervation

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Wohlrabe ◽  
William D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Parasympathetic Innervation ◽  
Insulin Hypoglycemia ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vagal Innervation ◽  
Greater Curvature

The motility responses of vagus innervated and denervated antral pouches to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves and to insulin hypoglycemia were determined. Electrical stimulation appears to be a reliable method of demonstrating the presence or absence of vagus nerve supply to the antrum both in acute studies and in preparations of several months' duration. The motility response of the antral pouch to insulin hypoglycemia was found to be a less reliable method of determining the presence or absence of vagal innervation largely because spontaneous hypermotility may occur and there is more room for difference of opinion in interpretation of the results obtained. The administration of glucose after an appropriate time interval, however, added significantly to the reliability of the test. By the methods employed the antral branches of the vagus nerves were found to be the only sources of vagus innervation of the antrum. No evidence was obtained to suggest effective parasympathetic innervation of the antrum via a pyloric nerve, via the greater curvature mesenteric attachment or via an intramural gastric pathway. Submitted on July 7, 1958

Laparoscopic Dissection and Anatomy of Sacral Nerve Roots and Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. S64
Author(s):  
A. Zanatta ◽  
M.M. Rosin ◽  
R.L. Machado ◽  
L. Cava ◽  
M. Possover
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Sacral Nerve ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

scholarly journals Recording of Electrically Evoked Neural Activity and Bladder Pressure Responses in Awake Rats Chronically Implanted With a Pelvic Nerve Array

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie C. Payne ◽  
Nicole M. Wiedmann ◽  
Calvin D. Eiber ◽  
Agnes W. Wong ◽  
Philipp Senn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Pelvic Nerve ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Major Pelvic Ganglion ◽  
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Awake Rats

Bioelectronic medical devices are well established and widely used in the treatment of urological dysfunction. Approved targets include the sacral S3 spinal root and posterior tibial nerve, but an alternate target is the group of pelvic splanchnic nerves, as these contain sacral visceral sensory and autonomic motor pathways that coordinate storage and voiding functions of the bladder. Here, we developed a device suitable for long-term use in an awake rat model to study electrical neuromodulation of the pelvic nerve (homolog of the human pelvic splanchnic nerves). In male Sprague-Dawley rats, custom planar four-electrode arrays were implanted over the distal end of the pelvic nerve, close to the major pelvic ganglion. Electrically evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) were reliably detected under anesthesia and in chronically implanted, awake rats up to 8 weeks post-surgery. ECAP waveforms showed three peaks, with latencies that suggested electrical stimulation activated several subpopulations of myelinated A-fiber and unmyelinated C-fiber axons. Chronic implantation of the array did not impact on voiding evoked in awake rats by continuous cystometry, where void parameters were comparable to those published in naïve rats. Electrical stimulation with chronically implanted arrays also induced two classes of bladder pressure responses detected by continuous flow cystometry in awake rats: voiding contractions and non-voiding contractions. No evidence of tissue pathology produced by chronically implanted arrays was detected by immunohistochemical visualization of markers for neuronal injury or noxious spinal cord activation. These results demonstrate a rat pelvic nerve electrode array that can be used for preclinical development of closed loop neuromodulation devices targeting the pelvic nerve as a therapy for neuro-urological dysfunction.

The Autonomic Nervous System of the Chimaeroid Fish Hydrolagus colliei

1950 ◽  
Vol s3-91 (16) ◽  
pp. 379-399
Author(s):  
J.A. COLIN NICOL
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Autonomic Systems ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Rami Communicantes ◽  
Chromaffin Tissue

The autonomic nervous system of the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei has been investigated by dissections and histological methods. It consists of a cranial parasympathetic portion and a sympathetic portion confined to the trunk. The latter extends from the level of the heart to the anus and consists of segmentally arranged ganglia on each side of the dorsal aorta. These ganglia are closely associated with small accumulations of suprarenal tissue. Two axillary bodies are the largest of the sympathetic and suprarenal structures. They lie about the subclavian arteries and are made up of a gastric ganglion and a relatively large mass of chromaffin tissue. The sympathetic ganglia lie in an irregular plexus of longitudinal and crossing sympathetic strands but there is no regular sympathetic chain or commissure between ganglia. There are white rami communicantes which connect the sympathetic ganglia with spinal nerves. A small pregastric ganglion lies on the rami communicantes to the gastric ganglion. The visceral nerves arising from the sympathetic ganglia proceed to blood-vessels, genital ducts, chromaffin tissue, and gut. The latter is supplied by large splanchnic nerves which originate in the gastric ganglia and proceed along the coeliac axis to the intestine, pancreas, and liver. Prevertebral ganglia are absent. A mucosal and a submucosal plexus are present in the intestine. The cranial component of the autonomic system comprises a midbrain and a hindbrain outflow. In the former there is a ciliary ganglion on the inferior oblique branch of the oculomotor nerve. Short ciliary nerves proceed from this branch to the eyeball. A radix longa is absent. Sensory fibres go directly to the eyeball from the profundus nerve as anterior and posterior long ciliary nerves. The hindbrain outflow comprises scattered nerve-cells and ganglia on post-trematic branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. These autonomic fibres in the branchial nerves innervate smooth muscle in the pharyngeal region. A visceral branch of the vagus innervates the heart, oesophagus, and intestine; it also establishes a connexion with the pregastric ganglion. In general, the autonomic nervous system of Hydrolagus is very similar to that of selachians. It appears that the autonomic systems of these two groups have undergone little alteration since their origin in the Palaeozoic from some common form. Their autonomic systems reflect a simple and primitive level of organization from which more complex systems of the bony fishes and amphibians have evolved.

scholarly journals Composite nerve fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves: an immunohistochemical study using elderly cadavers

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Suk Jang ◽  
Kwang Ho Cho ◽  
Keisuke Hieda ◽  
Ji Hyun Kim ◽  
Gen Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Splanchnic Nerves ◽  
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Primary Localization

1. Studies on a large number of tissues obtained from fatal cases of human poliomyelitis have revealed that the virus is distributed predominantly in two systems: (a) certain regions of the nervous system, and (b) the alimentary tract. 2. Poliomyelitis virus was demonstrated in the walls of the pharynx, ileum, and only once in those of the descending colon, while the contents of the descending colon regularly contained the virus. 3. The presence of virus in the walls of the alimentary tract appears to be the result neither of generalized dissemination of the virus nor of secondary centrifugal spread, but rather that of primary localization or portal of entry. 4. In the absence of evidence of any demonstrable centrifugal spread to peripheral collections of nerve cells (e.g., in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, suprarenals, salivary glands), the presence of virus in the abdominal sympathetic plexus of one case may be indicative of at least one pathway of centripetal virus progression. 5. The absence of demonstrable virus in the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulbs, and anterior perforated substance suggests that neither the upper respiratory tract nor the olfactory pathway were affected in the cases of human poliomyelitis studied in the present investigation.

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